Table 4.

Meta-analysis results- effect sizes and heterogeneity

Outcome	No. of studies	Total number of participants	Effect size		Heterogeneity
			Hedges’ g (95% CI)	P-value	I2	P-value
Physical function - Yoga vs inactive controls
Balance	7	265	0.70 (0.19 to 1.22)	0.01	72.15	0.001
Body composition	4	314	0.16 (−0.06 to 0.38)	0.16	0.00	0.91
Lower body flexibility	7	431	0.50 (0.3 to 0.69)	< 0.001	0.00	0.88
Lower limb strength	7	485	0.45 (0.22 to 0.68)	< 0.001	32.70	0.17
Upper body flexibility	4	166	0.28 (−0.02 to 0.58)	0.07	0.00	0.87
Walking speed	5	377	0.38 (−0.02 to 0.78)	0.06	72.69	0.003
Physical function - Yoga vs active controls
Balance	5	264	0.32 (−0.02 to 0.66)	0.07	34.74	0.18
Lower body flexibility	3	225	0.28 (0.01 to 0.54)	0.04	0.00	0.59
Lower limb strength	3	225	0.49 (0.1 to 0.88)	0.01	47.44	0.15
Mobility	3	173	0.31 (−0.25 to 0.87)	0.28	58.73	0.06
Walking speed	3	192	−0.29 (− 0.79 to 0.22)	0.26	57.41	0.07
HRQoL - Yoga vs inactive controls
Depression	8	450	0.64 (0.32 to 0.95)	< 0.001	57.09	0.02
Fear of falls	3	104	0.39 (−0.45 to 1.24)	0.36	75.64	0.02
Perceived mental health	9	554	0.6 (0.33 to 0.87)	< 0.001	54.87	0.02
Perceived physical health	5	400	0.61 (0.29 to 0.94)	< 0.001	58.55	0.05
Sleep quality	4	353	0.65 (0.41 to 0.88)	< 0.001	13.06	0.33
Social health	3	225	0.27 (−0.15 to 0.69)	0.2	51.76	0.13
Vitality	3	196	0.31 (0.03 to 0.59)	0.03	0.00	0.83
HRQoL - Yoga vs active controls
Anxiety	3	206	0.43 (−0.03 to 0.88)	0.06	50.03	0.11
Depression	4	215	0.54 (0.25 to 0.83)	< 0.001	8.61	0.36
Perceived mental health	3	183	0.26 (−0.03 to 0.55)	0.08	0.00	0.81

CI: Confidence interval; Significant effect sizes (95% CI) and corresponding p values have been highlighted in bold