Table 2.
Description of included studies
| Authors, Year | Timing | Treatment | N | Intervention | Length (weeks) | Follow-up(weeks) | Primary Outcome* (Tool) | Other Outcomes (Tool) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Only | ||||||||
| Eriksen et al, 2017 [26] | During | AS | 26 | Home | 26 | 12, 37, 52 | NR | VO2 peak (max cycle), lipids, insulin, glucose, PSA, FFM, FM, BMI, WC |
| Hvid et al, 2016 [27] | Mixed | AS or RP | 25 | Home | 104 | 12, 24, 36, 52, 78 | NR | VO2 peak (max cycle), BC (DXA), HOMA-IR (OGTT), TC, LDL, HDL, TG, TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin, leptin, IGF-1, IGFBP-1, glucose, PSA |
| Jones et al, 2014 [28] | Mixed | RP | 50 | Sup + Home | 26 | 12, 52 | Erectile Function (IIEF) | VO2 peak (max TM), peripheral artery FMD, glucose, TC, TG, BC (BodPod) |
| Monga et al, 2007 [22] | During | RT | 21 | Sup | 8 | – | Fatigue (PFS) | VO2 peak (submax TM), strength (sit-stand) |
| Pernar et al, 2017 [29] | After | Mixed | 41 | Sup + Home | 11 | – | NR | BW, WC, BP, CRP, C-peptide, HDL, LDL, testosterone, SHBG |
| Uth et al, 2014 [30] | During | ADT | 57 | Sup | 12 | 32 | LBM (DXA) | BMD, BMC, FM (DXA), BW, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, VO2 peak (submax TM), sit-stand, counter-movement jump, stair climb, strength (1RM, knee ext), bone markers |
| Windsor et al, 2004 [25] | During | RT | 66 | Home | 4 | – | Fatigue (BFI), Aer fitness (Shuttle walk) | NR |
| Resistance Exercise Only | ||||||||
| Nilsen et al, 2015 [31] | During | ADT | 58 | Sup + Home | 16 | – | NR | LBM, BMD, FM, %BF, BW, BMI (DXA), 1RM (knee ext., leg, chest, shoulder press), sit-stand, stair climb, aer fitness (shuttle walk); muscle cell markers, fiber |
| Norris et al, 2015 [32] | Mixed | Mixed | 30 | Sup (High) | 12 | – | Strength (est 1RM, bench press, leg press) | Physical function (6MWT, 8 ft. TUG, 30s chair stands, 30s arm curls, S&R, back scratch); BW, BMI, |
| Sup (Low) | ||||||||
| Segal et al, 2003 [23] | During | ADT | 155 | Sup | 12 | – | Fatigue (FACT-F) | Muscle endurance (Standard Load), BW, BMI, WC (SkF) |
| Winters-Stone et al, 2014 [33] | During | ADT | 51 | Sup + Home | 52 | – | BMD (DXA) | Bone turnover, LM, FM (DXA), insulin, IGF-1, SHBG, testosterone, strength (1RM, leg and chest press), physical function (5 chair stand time, 4 m walk speed) |
| Winters-Stone et al, 2016 [34] | After | RT ± CT | 64 | Sup | 24 | 12 | Function (SPPB), MM, FM, %BF (DXA), fatigue (PFS), QoL (SF-36), strength (1RM leg, bench press) | NR |
| Aerobic + Resistance Exercise | ||||||||
| Bourke et al, 2011 [19] | During | ADT | 100 | Sup + Home | 12 | 6, 24 | QoL (FACT-P), DBP | VO2 peak (submax TM), strength (Iso-dyn, subgroup), BMI, IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, insulin, PSA, androgen, testosterone, SHBG; Subgroup: Brachial artery FMD, GTN-mediated brachial artery dilation |
| Cormie et al, 2015 [35] | During | ADT | 63 | Sup | 12 | – | LM, FM (DXA) | BMD (DXA), aer fitness (400 m walk), strength (1RM leg press, chest press, seated row), chair stand, stair climb, BP, CRP, TC, TG, insulin, glucose, HbA1C, bone turnover, vitamin D, testosterone, PSA |
| Culos-Reed et al, 2010 [20] | During | ADT | 100 | Sup + Home | 16 | 8, 26 | SR-PA (Godin) | Aer fitness (6MWT), strength (Iso-dyn), S&R, BP, HR |
| Galvao et al, 2010 [21] | During | ADT | 57 | Sup | 12 | – | LBM, FM, %BF (DXA) | Strength (1RM), Endurance (Time at 70% 1RM), physical function (sit-stand, 6 & 400 m walk), testosterone, PSA, insulin, glucose, lipids, CRP |
| Galvao et al, 2014 [36] | After | ADT + RT | 100 | Sup + Home | 52 | 26 | Aer fitness (400 m walk) | Physical function (chair stands), WC, testosterone, PSA, insulin, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, HbA1C, glucose, BP Subgroup: Strength (1 RM, chest and leg press), FM, %BF, adiposity (DXA) |
| Gaskin et al, 2017 [37] | After | Mixed | 320 | Sup + Home | 12 | 26, 52 | SR-PA (LTEQ) | RHR, BP, aer fitness (6MWT), strength (1RM), physical function (30s sit-stand), BW, BMI, WC, HC, upper arm, chest, thigh circumference |
| Hojan et al, 2016 [38] | During | RT + ADT | 55 | Sup | 8 | – | NR | PSA, Hb, WBC, RBC, neutrophil, lymphocytes, platelets, monocytes, IL-B, IL-6, TNF-α, Aer fitness (6MWT) |
| Hojan et al, 2017 [39] | During | RT + ADT | 72 | Sup | 52 | 8 | Aer fitness (6MWT), IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-a, BMI, WHR, WC, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, AST, ALT | NR |
| Kim, 2018 [40] | During | ADT | 51 | Home | 24 | – | BMD (DXA), Bone turnover markers (bs-ALP, NTx) | Strength (grip, hip, HHD), 30s chair-stand, TUG |
| Sajid et al, 2016 [41] | During | ADT | 19 | Home | 6 | 12 | Function (SPPB) | Aer fitness (6MWT), strength (grip, chest press reps), FM, LM, MM (DXA) |
| Technology | ||||||||
| Aerobic or Resistance Exercise (Multi-Arm Trials) | ||||||||
| Santa Mina et al, 2013 [42] | During | ADT | 26 | Sup + Home Aer | 24 | 12, 52 | QoL (FACT-P, Patient-Oriented Prostate Utility Scale), Fatigue (FACT-F) | VO2 peak (Submax TM), grip strength, BW, BMI, %BF, WC, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, leptin, adiponectin |
| Sup + Home Res | ||||||||
| Segal et al, 2009 [24] | During | RT | 121 | Sup Aer | 24 | – | Fatigue (FACT-F) | VO2 peak (max TM), strength (8RM), BW, BC (DXA), testosterone, PSA, Hb, lipids |
| Sup Res | ||||||||
| Wall et al, 2017 [43] | During | ADT | 163 | Sup + Home Aer + Res | 52 (26) | – | BMD (DXA), LM, FM, Trunk fat, % BF, (DXA), VO2 peak (Max TM) | RMR, BP, arterial stiffness, HbA1C, testosterone, insulin, PSA, TG, LDL, HDL, TC, glucose, CRP, bs-ALP, PINP, BW, strength (1-RM), endurance (#reps @ 70% 1RM, chest & leg press), chair stands, stair climb, 6 m backward walk, 400 m walk time |
| Sup + Home Impact + Res | ||||||||
| Home Aer | 26 | – | ||||||
Legend: 6MWT: 6 min walk test; ADT: androgen deprivation therapy; Aer: aerobic; ALT: alanine transaminase; AS: active surveillance; AST: aspartate transaminase; BC: body composition; BFI: brief fatigue inventory; BMC: bone mineral content; BMD: bone mineral density; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; bs-ALP: bone specific alkaline phosphatase; BW: body weight; CRP: c-reactive protein; CT: chemotherapy; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DXA: dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; ext: extension; FACT-F: functional assessment of cancer therapy – fatigue; FACT-P: functional assessment of cancer therapy – prostate; FFM: fat free mass; FM: fat mass; FMD: flow mediated dilation; Hb: hemoglobin; HbA1C: glycosylated hemoglobin; HC: hip circumference; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HHD: hand held dynamometry; HOMA-IR: homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP: insulin-like growth factor binding protein; IIEF: international index of erectile function; IL: interleukin; Iso-dyn: isometric dynamometry; LBM: lean body mass; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LM: lean mass; LTEQ: leisure time exercise questionnaire; Max: maximum; MM: muscle mass; NR: not reported; NTx: type 1 cross-linked N-telopeptide; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PFS: piper fatigue scale; PINP: Pro collagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide; PSA: prostate specific antigen; QoL: quality of life; RBC: red blood cell; Res: resistance; RHR: resting heart rate; RM: repetition maximum; RMR: resting metabolic rate; RP: radical prostatectomy; Res: resistance training; RT: radiation therapy; S&R: sit and reach; SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin; SkF: skin fold; SPPB: short physical performance battery; SR-PA: self-reported physical activity; submax: submaximal; Sup: supervised; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TM: treadmill; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-alpha; TUG: timed up and go; VO2 peak: peak oxygen consumption; WBC: white blood cell; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; *Where specifically stated