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. 2019 Mar 20;9(3):180267. doi: 10.1098/rsob.180267

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© 2019 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — Map of the human (Homo sapiens) and Drosophila melanogaster mtDNA, representative of the mammalian and insect genome, respectively. Both genomes have the same coding capacity, but differ in gene order, length of the control region and location of the replication origins (O_L, light chain; O_H, heavy chain). The 13 polypeptides (blue) form the respiratory chain complex together with the nuclear-encoded proteins (grey) [5]. In addition, a small peptide named humanin is encoded in the 16S rRNA gene of the human mtDNA. Humanin has been shown to have a role in regulating stress resistance and conferring specific protection against Alzheimer's disease [6–8]. IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; IMS, intermembrane space; Q, the ubiquinone form of CoQ10.