Table 2.

Adjusted risk ratios of Global Activity Limitation Indicator disability for survey (ref = 1, European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) and survey characteristics—based on country/survey pooled data (ages 30–79) for 28 European countries (European Health Interview Survey 2006–2009; European Social Survey 2008, 2010, 2012; European Union Statistics on Income and Living conditions 2008, 2012)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]
Men
Survey
EU-Survey Income Living Conditions (EU-SILC)	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]
European Health Interview Survey (EHIS)	1.17 [1.09, 1.25]	1.22 [1.10, 1.33]	1.14 [1.08, 1.21]	1.15 [1.07, 1.24]	1.18 [1.10, 1.26]	1.17 [1.09, 1.25]
European Social Survey (ESS)	0.94 [0.84, 1.05]	0.93 [0.81, 1.05]	0.85 [0.71, 1.01]	0.90 [0.81, 1.01]	0.85 [0.70, 1.01]	0.95 [0.78, 1.16]
Education
Low	1.77 [1.68, 1.85]	1.76 [1.67, 1.83]	1.76 [1.68, 1.85]	1.76 [1.68, 1.85]	1.76 [1.68, 1.85]	1.77 [1.68, 1.85]
Medium	1.35 [1.27,1.43]	1.34 [1.25 1.43]	1.35 [1.27, 1.43]	1.34 [1.27, 1.42]	1.34 [1.27, 1.42]	1.35 [1.27, 1.43]
High	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]
Survey characteristics
Response rate		0.99 [0.93, 1.05]
Sample size (× 1000)			1.00 [0.98, 1.02]
Sampling design
Simple, random				1.00 [ref]
Stratified, random				0.82 [0.65, 1.04
Stratified, systematic				0.81 [0.64, 1.04]
Collection modea
CAPI and PAPI					1.00 [ref]
CATI					0.82 [0.65, 1.04]
Other					0.81 [0.64, 1.04]
Proxy allowed
No						1.00 [ref]
Yes						1.02 [0.82, 1.26]
N	387,228	295,064	387,011	387,011	387,011	387,011
Wald test	–	0.76	0.08	0.29	0.02	0.83
Women
Survey
EU-Survey Income Living Conditions (EU-SILC)	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]
European Health Interview Survey (EHIS)	1.23 [1.06, 1.30]	1.23 [1.15, 1.34]	1.21 [1.14, 1.28]	1.21 [1.13, 1.29]	1.18 [1.10, 1.26]	1.22 [1.16, 1.30]
European Social Survey (ESS)	0.95 [0.85, 1.06]	0.92 [0,82, 1.03]	0.93 [0.81, 1.10]	0.88 [0.77, 1.01]	0.85 [0.70, 1.01]	0.89 [0.76, 1.04]
Education
Low	1.65 [1.58, 1.72]	1.63 [1.55, 1.70]	1.65 [1.57, 1.73]	1.65 [1.57, 1.73]	1.65 [1.57, 1.72]	1.65 [1.57, 1.72]
Medium	1.25 [1.18, 1.27]	1.25 [1.21, 1.30]	1.25 [1.21, 1.30]	1.25 [1.20, 1.29]	1.25 [1.21, 1.29]	1.25 [1.21., 1.30]
High	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]	1.00 [ref]
Survey characteristics
Response rate		1.00 [0.99, 1.00]
Sample size (× 1000)			0.99 [0.98, 1.01]
Sampling design
Simple, random				1.00 [ref]
Stratified, random				0.91 [0.76, 1.11]
Stratified, systematic				0.90 [0.73, 1.11]
Collection modea
CAPI and PAPI					1.00 [ref]
CATI					0.83 [0.70, 0.96]
Other					0.87 [0.72, 1.03]
Proxy allowed
No						1.00 [ref]
Yes						0.88 [0.72, 1.06]
N	445,438	337,395	445,438	445,438	445,438	445,438
Wald test	–	0.82	0.70	0.19	0.03	0.34

Significance in bold (p < 0.05)

Model 1 includes all pooled data for countries and surveys, stratified only by sex. The model is $\text{logit}({\text{GALI}}_{\text{iksce}})={\beta }_0+{\beta }_k\text{Age}+{\beta }_s{\text{Survey}}_s+{\text{Country}}_c+{\beta }_e{\text{Education}}_e$

Models 2–6 use $\text{logit}\left({\text{GALI}}_{\text{ikesc}}\right)={\beta }_k\text{Age}+{\beta }_s{\text{Survey}}_s+{\beta }_e{\text{Education}}_e+{\beta }_c{\text{Country}}_c+{\beta }_n{\text{SurveyChar}}_n$. The Wald tests compare baseline Model 1 with Model 2–6

EHIS—European Health Interview Survey (2006/2009); ESS—European Social Survey (2008, 2010, 2012); EU-SILC—EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (2008, 2012)

^aCAPI, Computer-Assisted Personal Interview; PAPI, Pencil and Paper Interview; CATI, Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview