Table 4.

Educational Inequalities (low vs. high) in disability prevalence (risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals) by survey—based on country/survey pooled data (ages 30–79) for 28 European countries (European Health Interview Survey 2006–2009; European Social Survey 2008, 2010, 2012; European Union Statistics on Income and Living conditions 2008, 2012)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]	Risk ratio [95% CI]
Men
Survey-Specific Ed. Inequalities
European Health Interview Survey (EHIS)	1.61 [1.46, 1.78]	1.66 [1.44, 1.91]	1.60 [1.51, 1.67]	1.57 [1.42, 1.73]	1.58 [1.42, 1.75]	1.55 [1.38, 1.73]
European Social Survey (ESS)	1.57 [1.48, 1.66]	1.56 [1.48, 1.65]	1.58 [1.44, 1.69]	1.56 [1.43, 1.70]	1.57 [1.44, 1.68	1.64 [1.52, 1.78]
EU-Statistics Income Living Conditions (EU-SILC)	1.93 [1.79, 2.07]	1.94 [1.81, 2.08]	1.91 [1.77, 2.05]	1.94 [1.81, 2.08]	1.93 [1.82, 2.04]	1.89 [1.74, 2.04]
Survey characteristics
Response rate		1.00 [0.99, 1.00]
Sample size (× 1000)			1.00 [0.98, 1.02]
Sampling design
Simple, random				1.00 [ref]
Stratified, random				082 [0.64, 1.04
Stratified, systematic				0.80 [0.63, 1.03]
Collection modea
CAPI and PAPI					1.00 [ref]
CATI					0.83 [0.69, 0.98]
Other					0.89 [0.78, 1.02]
Proxy allowed
No						1.00 [ref]
Yes						1.02 [0.83, 1.26]
N	387,228	295,064	387,011	387,011	387,011	387,011
Wald test	–	0.78	0.75	0.11	0.02	0.37
Women
Survey-specific Ed. inequalities
European Health Interview Survey (EHIS)	1.57 [1.41, 1.75]	1.60 [1.41, 1.75]	1.57 [1.44, 1.72]	1.49 [1.43, 1.72]	1.51 [1.43, 1.73]	1.51 [1.34, 1.71]
European Social Survey (ESS)	1.55 [1.41, 1.69]	1.54 [1.41, 1.69]	1.55 [1.42, 1.70]	1.57 [1.42, 1.73]	1.52 [1.28, 1.51]	1.60 [1.45, 1.77]
EU-Statistics Income Living Conditions (EU-SILC)	1.73 [1.61, 1.87]	1.72 [1.61, 1.87]	1.72 [1.59, 1.86]	1.74 [1.61, 1.75]	1.77 [1.61, 1.85]	1.70 [1.55, 1.87]
Survey characteristics
Response rate		1.00 [0.99, 1.00]
Sample size (× 1000)			1.00 [0.99, 1.01]
Sampling design
Simple, random				1.00 [ref]
Stratified, random				0.92 [0.75, 1.08]
Stratified, systematic				0.90 [0.66, 1.12]
Collection modea
CAPI and PAPI					1.00 [ref]
CATI					0.89 [0.75, 1.05]
Other					0.88 [0.78, 1.00]
Proxy allowed
No						1.00 [ref]
Yes						0.88 [0.72, 1.06]
N	445,438	337,695	445,438	442,953	445,438	445,438
Wald test	–	0.84	0,72	0.22	0.02	0.15

Model 1 includes all pooled data for countries and surveys, stratified only by sex. The model is $\text{logit}({\text{GALI}}_{\text{iksce}})={\beta }_0+{\beta }_k\text{Age}+{\beta }_s{\text{Survey}}_s+{\text{Country}}_c+{\beta }_e{\text{Education}}_e{\beta }_{\mathit{se}}{\text{Survey}}_s\ast {\text{Education}}_e$

Models 2–6 use $\text{logit}\left({\text{GALI}}_{\text{ikesc}}\right)={\beta }_k\text{Age}+{\beta }_s{\text{Survey}}_s+{\beta }_e{\text{Education}}_e+{\beta }_c{\text{Country}}_c+{\beta }_{\mathit{se}}{\text{Survey}}_s\ast {\text{Education}}_e+{\beta }_n{\text{SurveyChar}}_n(6)+{\beta }_{\mathit{ne}}{\text{SurveyChar}}_n\ast {\text{Education}}_e$. The Wald tests compare baseline Model 1 with Model 2–6

EHIS—European Health Interview Survey (2006/2009); ESS—European Social Survey (2008,2010,2012); EU-SILC—EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (2008, 2012). For 28 European countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Slovenia, Croatia Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia)

^aCAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interview); PAPI(Pencil and Paper Interview); CATI(Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview)