Table 1.
Participant characteristics according to group membership of 25-year trajectory of fasting glucose.
| Fasting Glucose (FG) trajectory group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Low-Stable | Moderate-Stable | Moderate-Increasing | High-Stable | High-Increasing |
| N (% total sample) | 290 (12%) | 1058 (44%) | 247 (10%) | 645 (27%) | 174 (7%) |
| Women, n (%) | 235 (83%) | 721 (68%) | 106 (44%) | 270 (42%) | 41 (24%) |
| Black, n (%) | 143 (50%) | 432 (40%) | 113 (46%) | 265 (41%) | 74 (43%) |
| Age at year 0 (Y 0), years | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 3.4 | 24.6 ± 3.6 | 23.8 ± 3.8 |
| Education attained by Y25 >4 years of college, n (%) | 85 (30%) | 325 (30%) | 57 (23%) | 160 (25%) | 33 (19%) |
| Current smoker at Y0, n (%) | 70 (24%) | 230 (22%) | 63 (25%) | 163 (25%) | 47 (27%) |
| Current smoker at Y25, n (%) | 47 (16%) | 143 (13%) | 33 (13%) | 98 (15%) | 33 (19%) |
| Heavy weekly alcohol consumption at Y0, n (%)* | 38 (13%) | 132 (12%) | 36 (15%) | 86 (13%) | 20 (12%) |
| Heavy weekly alcohol consumption at Y25, n (%)* | 41 (14%) | 170 (16%) | 34 (14%) | 92 (14%) | 27 (16%) |
| Physical activity at Y 0, exercise units | 381 ± 261 | 419 ± 296 | 463 ± 304 | 437 ± 294 | 502 ± 350 |
| Physical activity at Y25, exercise units | 329 ± 264 | 346 ± 274 | 347 ± 282 | 363 ± 280 | 384 ± 294 |
| Body mass index at Y 0, kg/m2 | 22.7 ± 4.2 | 23.5 ± 4.2 | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 24.4 ± 4.3 | 25.5 ± 4.4 |
| Body mass index at Y25, kg/m2 | 26.6 ± 6.0 | 28.6 ± 6.4 | 30.7 ± 6.4 | 30.0 ± 6.5 | 31.6 ± 5.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure at Y 0, mm Hg | 106 ± 10 | 108 ± 10 | 113 ± 11 | 111 ± 10 | 115 ± 9 |
| Systolic blood pressure at Y25, mm Hg | 114 ± 15 | 116 ± 15 | 121 ± 15 | 118 ± 14 | 123 ± 16 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at Y0, mm Hg | 67 ± 9 | 68 ± 9 | 69 ± 10 | 69 ± 9 | 69 ± 10 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at Y25, mm Hg | 70 ± 11 | 72 ± 11 | 76 ± 11 | 74 ± 11 | 77 ± 11 |
| Blood pressure-lowering medication use at Y0, n (%) | 1 (0%) | 16 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 8 (1%) | 2 (1%) |
| Blood pressure-lowering medication use at Y25, n (%) | 42 (15%) | 204 (19%) | 74 (30%) | 138 (21%) | 46 (27%) |
| Fasting glucose at Y0, mmol/L | 4.23 ± 0.37 | 4.38 ± 0.35 | 4.53 ± 0.41 | 4.73 ± 0.37 | 89.8 ± 0.43 |
| Fasting glucose at Y25, mmol/L | 4.6 ± 0.35 | 5.00 ± 0.36 | 5.74 ± 0.43 | 5.28 ± 0.36 | 105.6 ± 0.43 |
| Fasting insulin at Y0, uU/mL | 9.9 ± 4.7 | 10.4 ± 4.4 | 10.8 ± 4.0 | 11.3 ± 4.5 | 11.8 ± 4.4 |
| Fasting insulin at Y25, uU/mL | 6.7 ± 4.9 | 9.0 ± 6.4 | 13.4 ± 8.3 | 10.6 ± 7.1 | 13.4 ± 7.8 |
| Natural logarithmic HOMA-IR at Y0 | 0.53 ± 0.39 | 0.63 ± 0.36 | 0.69 ± 0.35 | 0.79 ± 0.37 | 0.89 ± 0.34 |
| Natural logarithmic HOMA-IR at Y25 | 0.10 ± 0.66 | 0.48 ± 0.67 | 1.05 ± 0.63 | 0.72 ± 0.64 | 1.09 ± 0.58 |
| Develop diabetes between Y25 and Y30, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (0.5%) | 14 (5.7%) | 11 (1.7%) | 16 (9.2%) |
Mean ± standard deviation for continuous characteristics and n (column percentage) for categorical characteristics
*
Heavy weekly alcohol consumption: greater than 1 drink daily for women and greater than 2 drinks daily for men