Table 2.
Multivariable adjusted means (95% confidence interval) for echocardiographic parameters according to fasting glucose trajectory group membership
| Fasting Glucose (FG) trajectory group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Stable | Moderate-Stable | Moderate-Increasing | High-Stable | High-Increasing | |
| Left Ventricular Structure | |||||
| Left ventricular mass index, g/m2.7 | |||||
| Year 25 | 31.8 (30.7, 32.9) | 32.5 (32.0, 33.1) | 33.3 (31.9, 34.7) | 32.7 (32.0, 33.4) | 32.8 (31.1, 34.6) |
| Year 30 | 36.8 (35.5, 38.0) | 38.0 (37.3, 38.7) | 39.5 (38.0, 40.9)* | 38.8 (37.9, 39.7)* | 38.2 (36.5, 39.9) |
| 5-year change | 4.8 (3.6, 6.0) | 5.5 (4.9, 6.1) | 6.4 (5.1, 7.6) | 6.2 (5.5, 6.9) | 5.5 (3.7, 7.2) |
| Relative Wall Thickness | |||||
| Year 25 | 0.32 (0.31, 0.32) | 0.31 (0.31, 0.32) | 0.31 (0.30, 0.32) | 0.31 (0.30, 0.32) | 0.32 (0.30, 0.33) |
| Year 30 | 0.39 (0.38, 0.40) | 0.39 (0.38, 0.40) | 0.39 (0.38, 0.40) | 0.39 (0.38, 0.40) | 0.38 (0.36, 0.40) |
| 5-year change | 0.08 (0.06, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.08) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.08) |
| Left Ventricular Function | |||||
| Ejection fraction, % | |||||
| Year 25 | 62.2 (61.2, 63.3) | 61.9 (61.3, 62.4) | 62.33 (61.0, 63.6) | 61.7 (61.0, 62.5) | 61.2 (59.8, 62.6) |
| Year 30 | 59.9 (59.1, 60.8) | 60.1 (59.7, 60.6) | 59.3 (58.3, 60.3) | 59.9 (59.2, 60.6) | 59.6 (58.5, 60.8) |
| 5-year change | −2.0 (−2.8, −1.2) | −1.7 (−2.1, −1.3) | −2.7 (−3.7, −1.7) | −1.9 (−2.6, −1.3) | −2.1 (−3.2, −1.0) |
| E/e’ ratio | |||||
| Year 25 | 6.90 (6.60, 7.19) | 6.98 (6.83, 7.13) | 7.09 (6.69, 7.49) | 7.07 (6.85, 7.30) | 7.06 (6.63, 7.49) |
| Year 30 | 6.84 (6.57, 7.11) | 7.08 (6.94, 7.23) | 7.18 (6.79, 7.58) | 7.17 (6.98, 7.37) | 7.18 (6.71, 7.65) |
| 5-year change | −0.06 (−0.30, 0.18) | 0.14 (0.01, 0.28) | 0.19 (−0.11, 0.49) | 0.19 (0.02, 0.36) | 0.21 (−0.22, 0.63) |
| Lateral E’ velocity, cm/sec | |||||
| Year 25 | 12.4 (11.9, 12.8) | 12.0 (11.8, 12.2) | 11.5 (11.1, 11.9)*† | 11.8 (11.5, 12.1) | 11.8 (11.2, 12.3) |
| Year 30 | 12.0 (11.5, 12.4) | 11.5 (11.3, 11.7) | 11.1 (10.6, 11.6)* | 11.4 (11.1, 11.7)* | 11.4 (10.9, 12.0) |
| 5-year change | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.1) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.3) | −0.7 (−1.0, −0.3) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.3) | −0.5 (−0.9, 0.01) |
| Septal E’ velocity, cm/sec | |||||
| Year 25 | 9.6 (9.2, 10.0) | 9.4 (9.3, 9.6) | 9.3 (9.0, 9.7) | 9.4 (9.1, 9.6) | 9.2 (8.8, 9.7) |
| Year 30 | 9.1 (8.7, 9.4) | 9.0 (8.8, 9.2) | 8.8 (8.4, 9.2) | 9.1 (8.9, 9.3) | 8.9 (8.5, 9.4) |
| 5-year change | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.2) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.4) | −0.7 (−1.1, −0.3) | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) |
| Mitral valve Peak A velocity, cm/sec | |||||
| Year 25 | 61.2 (59.2, 63.1) | 62.5 (61.5, 63.5) | 63.0 (60.7, 65.3) | 62.2 (60.7, 63.7) | 61.9 (59.2, 64.6) |
| Year 30 | 65.1 (62.9, 67.4) | 68.2 (67.1, 69.3)* | 68.3 (66.1, 70.5) | 68.7 (67.2, 70.2)* | 68.2 (65.0, 71.4) |
| 5-year change | 3.7 (1.6, 5.7) | 5.9 (5.0, 6.9) | 5.7 (3.8, 7.6) | 6.6 (5.4, 7.9)*† | 6.3 (3.7, 8.9) |
Model adjustments included age, sex, race, field center, educational attainment, and cumulative measures for each of the following: number of years as a current smoker, milliliters of daily alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, years of blood pressure-lowering medication use, heart rate, and baseline fasting glucose (and 5-year change models adjusted for year 25 echocardiographic measurement)
P<0.05 compared to Low-Stable fasting glucose trajectory group
P<0.05 compared to Low-Stable fasting glucose trajectory group after adjusted for the covariates in the model above and body mass index at time of echocardiography