Table 3.
Multivariable adjusted means (95% confidence interval) for echocardiographic parameters according to homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance trajectory group membership
| Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) trajectory group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Decreasing | Moderate-Stable | High-Increasing | P-trend‡ | |
| Left Ventricular Structure | ||||
| Left ventricular mass, g/m2.7 | ||||
| Year 25 | 32.4 (31.8, 33.0) | 32.6 (32.1, 33.1) | 32.9 (31.8, 34.0) | 0.43 |
| Year 30 | 38.4 (37.7, 39.2) | 38.2 (37.5, 39.0) | 38.5 (37.1, 39.9) | 0.96 |
| 5-year change | 5.5 (4.9, 6.1) | 5.7 (5.2, 6.3) | 6.2 (5.2, 7.2) | 0.27 |
| Relative Wall Thickness | ||||
| Year 25 | 0.31 (0.30, 0.31) | 0.31 (0.31, 0.32) | 0.32 (0.31, 0.33)*† | <0.005 |
| Year 30 | 0.38 (0.38, 0.39) | 0.39 (0.38, 0.39) | 0.39 (0.38, 0.40) | 0.04 |
| 5-year change | 0.07 (0.07, 0.08) | 0.08 (0.08, 0.08) | 0.08 (0.08, 0.09)* | 0.03 |
| Left Ventricular Function | ||||
| Ejection fraction, % | ||||
| Year 25 | 62.0 (61.4, 62.5) | 62.0 (61.5, 62.5) | 61.0 (60.0, 62.0) | 0.29 |
| Year 30 | 60.0 (59.5, 60.5) | 59.9 (59.5, 60.3) | 59.7 (58.8, 60.5) | 0.54 |
| 5-year change | −1.9 (−2.4, −1.5) | −1.9 (−2.3, −1.6) | −1.9 (−2.6, −1.1) | 0.92 |
| E/e’ ratio | ||||
| Year 25 | 6.89 (6.72, 7.06) | 7.04 (6.90, 7.19) | 7.22 (6.95, 7.49) | 0.06 |
| Year 30 | 7.10 (6.92, 7.28) | 7.09 (6.94, 7.24) | 7.23 (6.92, 7.54) | 0.62 |
| 5-year change | 0.15 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.22) | 0.21 (−0.05, 0.48) | 0.86 |
| Lateral E’ velocity, cm/sec | ||||
| Year 25 | 12.3 (12.1, 12.5) | 11.8 (11.6, 11.9)*† | 11.3 (10.9, 11.7)*† | <0.00001 |
| Year 30 | 11.8 (11.5, 12.0) | 11.4 (11.3, 11.6)* | 11.1 (10.7, 11.5)*,† | <0.005 |
| 5-year change | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) | −0.5 (−0.6, −0.3) | −0.7 (−1.0, −0.4) | 0.27 |
| Septal E’ velocity, cm/sec | ||||
| Year 25 | 9.7 (9.6, 9.9) | 9.3 (9.1, 9.4)*† | 8.8 (8.5, 9.2)*† | <0.00001 |
| Year 30 | 9.3 (9.1, 9.4) | 8.9 (8.8, 9.1)*† | 8.7 (8.4, 9.0)*† | <0.005 |
| 5-year change | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) | −0.6 (−0.7, −0.4) | −0.6 (−0.9, −0.4) | 0.12 |
| Mitral valve Peak A velocity, cm/sec | ||||
| Year 25 | 62.1 (60.8, 63.4) | 62.8 (61.7, 63.8) | 61.1 (59.1, 63.2) | 0.74 |
| Year 30 | 68.3 (66.8, 69.7) | 68.7 (67.4, 69.9) | 66.7 (64.3, 69.1) | 0.50 |
| 5-year change | 5.6 (4.4, 6.7) | 6.1 (5.2, 7.0) | 5.6 (3.8, 7.4) | 0.81 |
Model adjustments included age, sex, race, field center, educational attainment, and cumulative measures for each of the following: number of years as a current smoker, milliliters of daily alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, years of blood pressure-lowering medication use, heart rate, and baseline HOMA-IR (and 5-year change models adjusted for year 25 echocardiographic measurement)
P<0.05 compared to Low-decreasing HOMA-IR trajectory group
P<0.05 compared to Low-decreasing HOMA-IR trajectory group after adjusted for the covariates in the model above and body mass index at time of echocardiography
p trend is a test for linear association across the increasing HOMA-IR trajectory group