Table 3.

Clinical studies on the use of radiofrequency devices for vaginal rejuvenation

Device	Study	No. of patients	Results	Adverse effects
TTCRF	Leibaschoff et al., Surg Technol Int 2016 GSM; prospective RCT	20	VHI, ICIQ-UI, UDI6, IIQ7, VAS, punch biopsies Marked improvement	None
	Alinsod, Prime 2015 Prospective for laxity, UI	23	Statistically significant: Vaginal laxity, sexual satisfaction. Improved SUI, atrophy, orgasms	None
	Alinsod, Lasers Surg Med 2016 Prospective for orgasms	25	Average reduced time to orgasm 50% Improved tightening, moisture, sensitivity Co-relates with histopathology	None
CMRF	Millheiser et al., J Sex Med 2010 Prospective for laxity	24	87% improved in 6 months Sexual scores: 27.6–32 Sustained improvement on SSQ at 6 months	None
	Sekiguchi et al., J Womens Health 2013 Prospective for laxity	30	Significant FSFI: 22.4–26	None
	Kryhman et al., J Sex Med 2017 Randomized, placebo sham controlled multicenter study	174	Significant change in laxity 43.5% active gp v/s 19.6%	None
BIPOLAR RF	Women in 50s	14	64% satisfied with results	None
MONOPOLAR RF	Clark, J Cosm Laser Ther 2018 Prospective for aesthetic appearance	19	Improvement in vulvar appearance and sexual function	None
	Lalji and Lozanova, J Cosmet Dermatol 2017 Mild/moderate SUI & vaginal laxity	27	Improvement in all evaluated areas of SUI and vaginal laxity	None

CMRF, cryogen-cooled monopolar radiofrequency; FSFI, Female Sexual Function Index; GSM, genitourinary symptoms of menopause; ICIQ, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire; RCT, randomized control trial; RF, radiofrequency; SSQ, Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire; SUI, stress urinary incontinence; TTCRF, transcutaneous temperature controlled radiofrequency; UI, urinary incontinence; VAS, visual analogue scale; VHI, vaginal health index