Figure 1.

Mean age-specific birth (a) and mortality (b) rates in wild-caught (green) and captive-born (blue) female timber elephants for each decade between 1960 and 2010. Points are mean age-specific vital rates for each 5-year age-class across all regional divisions in Myanmar for each decade, with the size depicting the square root of the sample size (range = 1–1815 individuals). Lines are the mean model predicted values from the best birth (a) and mortality (b) models across regional divisions, with 95% confidence intervals from posterior simulations. Model predictions between 1995 and 2014 were used to parameterize individual-based projections.