Table 3.

Aligned and conflicting interests of stakeholders.

Stakeholders, aligned interests		Conflicting interests
Pharmaceutical companies
	The possibility to access more targeted data to be used in the development of drugs	The possibility of being left behind when data are not shared
	Potentially increased customer satisfaction	Patients could become more demanding, which could result in the need to change culture and processes
	Increased efficiency in the use of resources, for example, by increased compliance of patients taking drugs	A potential reduction in drug sales, for example, by paying per pill versus paying per box of pills, which improves the accuracy of drugs dispensing
	Increase in rare disease research and development on the basis of gains from other disease areas	Costs could be escalating by investment in digital health with uncertain returns
Hospitals and health workers
	Saving staff time and lowering costs	Uncertainty about who pays for what time
	Better collaboration with colleagues, for example, by opportunities for information sharing	Health workers could be losing some of their autonomy, for example, by more traceable work by tracking what a staff member is doing
Patients and the public
	The opportunity to contribute feedback to research and development, for example, postmarket feedback on adverse effects of drugs	Threats to privacy, for example, it being uncertain what happens to personal data
Insurers
	An increased efficiency in treatment, for example, reduced time in the hospital	Challenges for balancing expensive treatment versus the cost to society. It might be the right decision to pay for expensive treatment if the patient can return to society sooner
	Expert high-quality care for patients	Private versus mandatory insurance, for example, risk selection on the basis of available personal data. Even though legally this is not possible, it is happening unofficially