Table 1.
Baseline table: patient characteristics, admission year, and clinical and in-hospital characteristics of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients in relation to atrial fibrillation status.
| Variable | No AF (n = 6,080) |
Preoperative AF (n = 737) |
Postoperative AF (n = 2,290) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 66 (60–72) | 72 (67–77) | 70 (64–75) | <0.001 |
| Sex, women | 1,171 (19.3) | 141 (19.1) | 406 (17.7) | 0.27 |
| Smoking, n = 8,493 | 1,031 (18.3) | 84 (12.2) | 302 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI, median (IQR), n = 8,990 | 27.1 (24.7–29.7) | 27.2 (24.6–30.1) | 27.0 (24.7–29.7) | 0.55 |
| Admission year | 0.009 | |||
| 2010 | 1,901 (31.3) | 202 (27.4) | 643 (28.1) | |
| 2011 | 1,762 (29.0) | 206 (28.0) | 660 (28.8) | |
| 2012 | 1,670 (27.5) | 223 (30.3) | 657 (28.7) | |
| 2013 | 747 (12.3) | 106 (14.4) | 330 (14.4) | |
| Comorbidities and presentation at admission | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,851 (30.4) | 285 (38.7) | 675 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 4,128 (67.9) | 594 (80.6) | 1,697 (74.1) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 3,595 (59.1) | 560 (76.0) | 1,421 (62.1) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 974 (16.0) | 280 (38.0) | 406 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 264 (4.3) | 56 (7.6) | 110 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Thromboembolism | 14 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | 10 (0.4) | 0.26 |
| Ischemic / unknown stroke | 287 (4.7) | 60 (8.1) | 114 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 115 (1.9) | 37 (5.0) | 69 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 44 (0.7) | 4 (0.5) | 15 (0.7) | 0.83 |
| Any bleeding | 291 (4.8) | 63 (8.5) | 98 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 125 (2.1) | 50 (6.8) | 56 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 319 (5.2) | 62 (8.4) | 138 (6.0) | 0.002 |
| Cancer diagnosis within 3 years | 146 (2.4) | 33 (4.5) | 61 (2.7) | 0.004 |
| Previous PCI | 1,365 (22.5) | 184 (25.0) | 490 (21.4) | 0.13 |
| Previous CABG | 99 (1.6) | 21 (2.8) | 35 (1.5) | 0.04 |
| Hospital course and perioperative data | ||||
| Indication for CABG, n = 8,886 | <0.001 | |||
| Stable coronary artery disease | 2,533 (42.8) | 232 (32.4) | 921 (41.0) | |
| Unstable angina / Acute MI | 3,389 (57.2) | 485 (67.6) | 1,326 (59.0) | |
| EuroSCORE I, median (IQR), n = 9,062 | 4 (2–6) | 6 (4–8) | 5 (3–7) | <0.001 |
| Extracorporeal circulation | 6,014 (98.9) | 724 (98.2) | 2,256 (98.5) | 0.14 |
| Number of central anastomoses, n = 7,434 | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 413 (8.5) | 48 (8.4) | 96 (4.8) | |
| 1 | 2,153 (44.1) | 254 (44.4) | 876 (44.2) | |
| 2 | 2,163 (44.3) | 250 (43.7) | 938 (47.3) | |
| ≥3 | 149 (3.1) | 20 (3.5) | 74 (3.7) | |
| Number of peripheral anastomoses, n = 7,434 | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 250 (5.1) | 17 (3.0) | 33 (1.7) | |
| 1 | 149 (3.1) | 24 (4.2) | 59 (3.0) | |
| 2 | 919 (18.8) | 106 (18.5) | 372 (18.8) | |
| ≥3 | 3,560 (73.0) | 425 (74.3) | 1,520 (76.6) | |
| Internal mammary artery, left, n = 7,434 | 4,352 (89.2) | 497 (86.9) | 1,834 (92.4) | <0.001 |
| Internal mammary artery, right, n = 7,434 | 92 (1.9) | 6 (1.0) | 30 (1.5) | 0.24 |
| Vein graft, n = 7,434 | 4,465 (91.5) | 525 (91.8) | 1,882 (94.9) | <0.001 |
| Radial artery graft, n = 7,434 | 59 (1.2) | 15 (2.6) | 49 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative bleeds, n = 9,080 | 207 (3.4) | 31 (4.2) | 113 (4.9) | 0.005 |
| Postoperative stroke, n = 9,093 | 48 (0.8) | 12 (1.6) | 35 (1.5) | 0.003 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, n = 8,160 | 1,466 (27.0) | 307 (44.7) | 609 (29.7) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, median (IQR), µmol/L, n = 9,100 | 87 (75–105) | 100 (83–129) | 93 (79–120) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score at discharge | <0.001 | |||
| CHA2DS2-VASc score =0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score =1 | 638 (10.5) | 13 (1.8) | 113 (4.9) | |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 | 5,442 (89.5) | 724 (98.2) | 2,177 (95.1) | |
| Discharge medication | ||||
| Aspirin | 5,539 (91.1) | 512 (69.5) | 1,958 (85.5) | <0.001 |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 955 (15.7) | 61 (8.3) | 311 (13.6) | 0.52 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 278 (4.6) | 338 (45.9) | 417 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 4,158 (68.4) | 522 (70.8) | 1,558 (68.0) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1,146 (18.8) | 158 (21.4) | 473 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 2,155 (35.4) | 402 (54.5) | 1,075 (46.9) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 5,492 (90.3) | 617 (83.7) | 2,034 (88.8) | 0.54 |
| Digoxin | 37 (0.6) | 89 (12.1) | 44 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| β-blockers | 5,433 (89.4) | 629 (85.3) | 1,973 (86.2) | <0.001 |
| Sotalol | 39 (0.6) | 27 (3.7) | 229 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Amiodarone | 127 (2.1) | 111 (15.1) | 417 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Verapamil / diltiazem | 59 (1.0) | 16 (2.2) | 30 (1.3) | <0.001 |
Characteristics were reported using percentages for categorical variables, or with median and IQR for continuous variables (as noted).
ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI = body mass index; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CHA2DS2-VASc = congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke, transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, female sex; IQR = interquartile range; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.