Table 4.
Modifiable intervention types investigated in hypothetical and/or counterfactual scenarios (n = 73)
| Intervention type | Number of articles | Potential policy implications | Reference(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic use | Other policy | |||
| Change to overall consumption of antibiotics | 37 | X | [34, 36, 38, 46–48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 63, 71–75, 77, 78, 81, 85, 86, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 108, 110–112] | |
| X | X | [44, 61, 89] | ||
| Change to antibiotic management strategy | 21 | X | [39–43, 45, 54, 61, 65, 66, 68, 70, 76, 79, 84, 102, 105, 107, 109, 113] | |
| X | X | [58] | ||
| Change to antibiotic category, class or type | 15 | X | [35, 53, 55, 56, 60, 67, 79, 88, 93, 96, 103–105] | |
| X | X | [33, 52] | ||
| Change to hygiene or infection control protocols | 17 | X | [38, 44–46, 48, 50, 54, 61, 64, 69, 70, 72–75, 105] | |
| X | X | [49] | ||
| Change to patient management or other operational functions | 6 | X | [46, 48, 64, 72, 75] | |
| X | X | [57] | ||
| Change to human behaviour impacting antibiotic use | 4 | X | [45, 84, 95, 108] | |
| Change to pattern of vaccination, including coverage or efficacy | 4 | X | [91, 99, 101, 103] | |
| Change to diagnostic capacity impacting antibiotic use decisions | 3 | X | [79, 87, 111] | |