Table 2.
Smallholder household income and their livestock, by province and gender of respondent categories
| Province categories | Gender of livestock caretaker/ Gender of respondent category* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XYL | XK | HP | P-value | Male | Female | P-value | |
| Annual household income from: (USD/hh) | |||||||
| Cropping | 1441 ± 369 | 1678 ± 167 | 55 ± 384 | <0.001 | 1105 ± 113 | 949 ± 239 | 0.6 |
| Sale of small animals | 133 ± 134 | 206 ± 61 | 272 ± 140 | 0.8 | 186 ± 38 | 272 ± 81 | 0.3 |
| Sale of large ruminants | 1178 ± 404 | 1207 ± 182 | 1148 ± 420 | 0.9 | 1184 ± 115 | 1149 ± 243 | 0.8 |
| Others | 2303 ± 465 | 1165 ± 210 | 218 ± 484 | 0.07 | 1254 ± 134 | 1286 ± 285 | 0.9 |
| Total income | 5060 ± 650 | 4260 ± 294 | 1691 ± 676 | 0.001 | 3728 ± 192 | 3665 ± 408 | 0.9 |
| % of income from large ruminant sale to total income | 23 | 28 | 68 | 31 | 32 | ||
| Has the annual income increased compared with 2012 | |||||||
| Yes (%) | 83 | 93 | 70 | 0.009 | 82 | 84 | 0.7 |
| Mean increased (%) | 24 ± 21 | 23 ± 20 | 15 ± 14 | 22 ± 19 | 20 ± 19 | ||
| Annual income increased from | |||||||
| Increased income from selling more stock (%) | 47 | 64 | 41 | 0.05 | 53 | 45 | 0.3 |
| Increased income from selling more agriculture product (%) | 39 | 87 | 46 | 0.001 | 56 | 57 | 0.9 |
| Increased income from non-agriculture activities (%) | 53 | 65 | 63 | 0.3 | 58 | 57 | 0.2 |
| No. cattle and buffalo (head/hh) | |||||||
| Total | 14 ± 2.7 | 12 ± 1.3 | 10 ± 2.8 | 0.7 | 12 ± 0.8 | 13 ± 1.6 | 0.7 |
| Female cattle and buffalo | 9 ± 1.9 | 8 ± 0.8 | 7 ± 1.9 | 0.8 | 8 ± 0.5 | 8 ± 1.1 | 0.8 |
| Cattle | 12 ± 2.7 | 9 ± 1.2 | 7 ± 2.8 | 0.6 | 9 ± 1.6 | 11 ± 0.8 | 0.4 |
| Cow | 8 ± 1.9 | 6 ± 0.9 | 4 ± 2.0 | 0.6 | 6 ± 0.6 | 7 ± 1.2 | 0.4 |
| Primary large ruminant caretaker (%) | |||||||
| Female | 27 | 15 | 13 | 0.02 | 14 | 29 | 0.03 |
| Male | 73 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 71 | ||
| Has the number of large ruminants increased compared with 2012 | |||||||
| Yes (%) | 92 | 82 | 67 | 0.004 | 79 | 84 | 0.5 |
| Mean number increased (hd) | 5 ± 4 | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 3 | 3 ± 3 | 2 ± 3 | ||
| Has any cattle and buffalo been sold in 2016 | |||||||
| Yes | 63 | 73 | 59 | 0.3 | 65 | 67 | 0.8 |
| Mean number sold (hd) | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 3 | 1 ± 2 | ||
| Decision to sell livestock made by (%) | |||||||
| Male | 20 | 13 | 17 | 0.1 | 18 | 12 | 0.07 |
| Female | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | ||
| Together | 73 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 81 | ||
| Money from livestock sell kept by (%) | |||||||
| Male | 18 | 14 | 37 | 0.009 | 29 | 7 | 0.007 |
| Female | 76 | 71 | 48 | 59 | 85 | ||
| Together | 6 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 7 | ||
XYL, Xayyabouli; XK, Xiengkhoung; HP, Huaphan; hh, household; hd, heads.
Predicted means ± standard errors, mean ± standard deviation.
*Annual household income and mean large ruminants were compared between gender of livestock caretaker whereas other variables were compared between gender of respondent category.