Table 3.
Frequency of risk factors in stroke cases admitted to hospitals in the Middle East.
| Risk factors |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Event type | HBP (%) | DM (%) | Dislipidemia (%) | Smoking (%) | TIA (%) | Cardiac diseases |
Obesity (%) | FH (%) | Othersa (%) | None (%) | ||||
| MI (%) | IHD (%) | AF (%) | RHD (%) | Not specified (%) | |||||||||||
| Al-jishi and Mohan10 | Stroke | 52 | 20 | 29 | 29 | – | – | 50 | – | – | – | 29 | – | – | – |
| Al banna et al.11 | Stroke | 75 | 54 | 34 | – | 19 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Khedr et al.16 | Stroke | 66 | 38.6 | 8.8 | – | – | – | 12.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ahangar et al.17 | Stroke | 54 | 24 | 26 | 26 | – | – | – | – | – | 43.2 | – | – | – | – |
| Ghandehari and Izadi-Mood18 | Ischemic stroke | 53.2 | 13.5 | 8 | 15.2 | 12 | – | 12.2 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 17.7 | 18.9 | 10.6 | – | – |
| Dehghani firoozabadi et al.20 | Acute stroke | 54.7 | 14.9 | 12.2 | 9 | 20.1 | – | – | – | – | 24.4 | – | – | – | 25 |
| Fahimfar et al.21 | Stroke | 48.6 | 22.9 | 42.8 | 23 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Azarpazhooh et al.22,b | Stroke | 52M 70.9W | 30M 31.1W | 21.8M 28.4W | 39.8M 23.6W | 7.4M 6.9W | – | – | 7.6M 9.6W | – | – | – | – | 4.4M | – |
| Delbari et al.24 | Ischemic stroke | 64 | 36 | 32 | 20 | – | – | 34 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.55 |
| Delbari et al.25 | Stroke | 74.6 | 55.7 | 15.2 | 5.4 | 20.4c | – | – | 10.4 | – | 40.4 | – | – | – | – |
| Ghandehari and Izadi Mood26 | Lacunar stroke | 60.4 | 20 | 23 | 14 | 16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Togha and Bakhtavar28 | Intracerebral hemorrhage | 67.2 | 18 | – | 13.1 | – | – | 17.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Jongorbani (1996)30 | Stroke | 63.3 | 16.3 | 65.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Parniya et al.31 | Intracranial hemorrhage | 36.6 | 5.1 | 2.5 | 9.5 | – | – | – | – | – | 6.95 | – | – | – | – |
| Al-mahdawi32 | Ischemic Stroke | 34 | 28 | 24 | 44 | 28 | – | – | 6 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – |
| Al-heeti33 | Stroke | 76.1 | 25 | 18 | 47.0034 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.3 | – | 5 | – |
| Al-asadi and Habib34 | Stroke | 66.2 | 28 | – | 28.4 | 10.2 | – | 28.9 | 9.8 | – | 5.8 | – | 31.6 | – | – |
| Awad et al.35 | Stroke | 69 | 41 | – | 33 | – | – | 22 | 8 | – | 4 | – | – | 1.5 | – |
| Plakht et al.37,d | Ischemic stroke | 71.1 | 37.9 | 36.2 | 11.9 | – | – | – | 14.9 | – | – | 10.4 | – | – | – |
| Tanne et al.38 | Stroke | 75 | 40 | 46 | 19 | 28 | 17 | – | 17 | – | 12 | – | – | – | – |
| Bahou et al.39 | Ischemic stroke | 76 | 43.5 | 33 | 35 | 8.5 | – | – | 7.5 | – | 20.5 | – | – | – | – |
| Ashkanani et al.40 | Stroke | 68.9 | 56.3 | 57 | 40 | 27.2 | – | 28.5 | 7.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Al-shammri et al.41 | Ischemic stroke | 72.5 | 69.4 | 30.6 | 1.6 | 9.7 | – | – | 6.5 | – | 24.2 | – | – | 8.1 | – |
| Abdul-ghaffar et al.42 | Stroke | 53 | 42 | 61 | 23 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Riachy et al.43,e | Acute stroke | 71.7S 56.3NS | 23.9S 37.5NS | 28.3S 12.5NS | 30.4S 12.5NS | 26.1Sc 25NSc | 10.9S 18.8NS | – | 17.4S 25.0NS | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sweileh et al.44 | Stroke | 69.9 | 45.2 | – | 21 | – | – | 7.5 | 14 | – | 12.4 | 16.7 | – | – | – |
| Sawalha45 | Ischemic stroke | 66 | 45.8 | – | 19.6 | – | – | – | 16.3 | – | – | 18 | – | – | – |
| Khan et al.46,f | Stroke | 79.2H 73.7I | 26.4H 66.8I | 11.3H 52.5I | 11.3H 42I | 17H 16.5I | 7.5H 10I | – | - 14.2I | – | – | – | - 5.5I | 11.3H 37.7I | – |
| Hamad et al.47 | Stroke | 63 | 42 | – | – | – | – | 17 | 4.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Christos et al.48 | Stroke | 63.8 | 52.1 | 19.2 | 40.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 30.6 | – | – | – |
| Khan49 | Ischemic stroke | 40 | 32.5 | 27.5 | 27.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 22.5 | – |
| Akhtar et al.50 | Ischemic stroke | 60 | 44 | 12 | 20 | 17 | – | – | – | – | 16 | 66 | – | – | – |
| Nogueira51 | Subarachnoid stroke | 42.4 | 9 | – | 39.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12.1 | – |
| Deleu et al.52 | Ischemic stroke | 69 | 51 | 57 | 26 | 24 | – | 23 | – | – | 5 | – | – | 30 | 8 |
| Qari53 | Stroke | 61 | 27 | 4 | 28 | – | 1 | 8.5 | 4 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Al rajeh et al.54 | Stroke | 56 | 42 | – | 6 | 9 | – | – | – | – | 33 | – | – | 3 | – |
| Akbar and Mushtaq55 | Stroke | 67 | 17 | 50 | 17 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Al-rajeh et al.56 | Stroke | 65 | 36 | – | 29 | – | – | – | – | – | 20 | – | – | – | – |
| Yacub et al.57,† | Stroke | 62H 41I | 8H 25I | – | – | – | – | 10I | – | 11I | – | – | – | – | – |
| Awada and Al-rajeh59 | Stroke | 52 | 41 | – | 10.4 | – | – | 17 | 10 | – | – | – | – | 3 | – |
| El sayed et al.60 | Stroke | 24.9 | 11.6 | – | 1.8 | 2.1 2.1c | – | – | 5.8 | – | 5.5 | – | – | – | 5.8 27.5g |
| Al-rajeh et al.61 | Stroke | 38.1 | 37.1 | – | 19.3 | 2.9 | – | – | – | – | 26.6 | – | 14.1 | 5.3 | – |
| Qutub62 | Ischemic stroke | 80 | 72 | 36 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Al rajeh63 | Stroke | 47 | 36 | – | – | 39 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Awada et al.65 | Cerebral hemorrhage | 64 | 23 | – | – | 20c | – | – | – | – | 14 | – | – | – | 21 |
| Awada66 | Stroke | 32 | 16 | – | 26 | 6 | – | – | – | – | 17 | – | – | 1 | – |
| Ayoola et al.67 | Stroke | 45.6 | 22.8 | 5.4 | 6.6 | – | – | – | 8.7 | – | 22.4 | – | – | 1.2 | 7.9 |
| Balci et al.68 | Ischemic stroke | 45 | 17 | 35.4 | 37 | – | 2.7 | – | – | – | 5.7 | – | 18 | 25 | – |
| Turkey69,f | Stroke | 77.7H 68.4I | 26.6H 63.1I | 17.7H 47.3I | 44.4H | – | 31I | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Yesilot et al.70,b | Stroke | 68.0M 72.8W | 25.0M 24.8W | 45.5M 45.3W | 29.0M 15.5W | 18.2M 12.8W | – | – | 18.7M 33.6W | – | 30.4M 22.1W | – | – | 11M 11W | – |
| McLachlan71 | Stroke | 75 | 55 | 53 | 31 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mirghani and Zein72 | Ischemic stroke | 76 | 52.8 | 65.5 | 12.9 | 16.4c | – | – | – | – | 29.2 | – | – | – | – |
| Sallam et al.73 | Stroke | 68.3 | 24.4 | 13.9 | 42 | 17.3c | – | – | – | – | 42.4 | – | 5.4 | 8.7 | – |
AF: atrial fibrillation; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH: family history of stroke; HBP: hypertension; IHD: ischemic heart disease; MI: myocardial infarction; RHD: rheumatic heart disease; TIA: previous history of transient ischemic stroke.
a
Other important risk factors reported include migraine, anticoagulant drugs, alcohol intake, blood disorders, sickle cell disease, cervical bruit, oral contraceptive, and depression.
b
Reported data on “M” men and “W” women separately.
c
Previous history of stroke.
d
Data reported in 2006.
e
Reported data on “S” survivors and “NS” nonsurvivors separately.
f
Reported data on “H” hemorrhagic and “I” ischemic patients separately.
g
Data only for hemorrhagic patients.