Fig 5. Bank vole response to female rat calls or to white noise playing inside empty bait boxes (mean ± standard error of mean).

Adult male and female bank voles were presented with sound playing through a box (purple bars) versus no sound (yellow bars, control) in opposite sides of a test arena. A) Total duration in each side compartment of arena. B) Duration on top of box. C) Duration inside box. D) Duration on arena floor (in arena side but not in or on box). Bias between sides was compared between treatments using repeated measures ANOVA followed by pairwise t-tests (where data approximated normality), or non-parametric two-way ANOVA equivalent followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (where data was not normal). Within each treatment, attraction or avoidance was assessed using one-sample t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.