Table 1. Description of variables and parameters used to estimate distribution of indirect and direct doses.
Description | Symbol | Parameter | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Pathogen concentration | C | ||
Soil/gram | a CSp | See S1 Table | This study |
Surface water/mL | CWp | See S1 Table | This study |
Transfer efficiency from object | TE | ||
Soil adherence | TES | Lognormal (0.52,0.9) mg/cm2 | Finley et al. (1994) [39] |
Water film thickness | TEW | Uniform (0.00234, 0.00499) cm | EPA Exposure (1987) [38] |
Surface area of hand | SAHi | ||
6 to <12 months | SAH1 | Normal (240, 18.2) cm2 | EPA Exposure (2011) [32] |
12 to <24 months | SAH2 | Normal (300, 30.4) cm2 | EPA Exposure (2011) [32] |
24 to <72 months b | SAH3 | Normal (347.5, 48.6) cm2 | EPA Exposure (2011) [32] |
Fraction of hand | FH | ||
Contacting object | FHO | Normal (0.215, 0.111) % | Auyueng et al. (2008) [40] |
Contacting mouth | FHM | Normal (0.18, 0.076) % | Auyueng et al. (2008) [40] |
Transfer efficiency from hand | TEH | ||
Hand-to-mouth | TEHM | 0.33 (%) | Rusin et al. (2002) [41] |
Volume ingested during direct ingestion | V | ||
Geophagia | VS | 1.25 grams | Ngure et al. 2013 [27] |
Drinking surface water | VW | 5 mL | Labite et al. 2010 [15] |
a Converted CSp to mg
b Averaged from reported data for age groups 2 to 3 years and 3 to 6 years.