Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of new PPI users within the CKD cohort and the propensity-matched CKD cohort
| CKD Cohort | Propensity-Matched CKD Cohort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic, n (%) | All patients (n = 84,600) |
PPI (n = 14,514) |
No PPI (n = 70,086) |
p value | All Patients (n = 24,186) |
PPI (n = 12,093) |
No PPI (n = 12,093) |
p value |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 44.2 (16.7) | 53.4 (17.2) | 42.4 (16.0) | <0.0001 | 51.6 (16.9) | 51.6 (17.0) | 51.6 (16.8) | 0.90 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 50,442 (59.6) | 9115 (62.8) | 41,327 (59.0) | <0.0001 | 14,853 (61.4) | 7457 (61.7) | 7396 (61.2) | 0.42 |
| Medical Conditions | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 4381 (5.18) | 1575 (10.9) | 2806 (4.00) | <0.0001 | 2275 (9.41) | 1160 (9.59) | 1115 (9.22) | 0.32 |
| CVD | 1351 (1.60) | 756 (5.21) | 595 (0.85) | <0.0001 | 879 (3.63) | 455 (3.76) | 424 (3.51) | 0.29 |
| Heart Failure | 1075 (1.27) | 665 (4.58) | 410 (0.58) | <0.0001 | 706 (2.92) | 379 (3.13) | 327 (2.70) | 0.047 |
| HIV | 39 (0.05) | 15 (0.10) | 24 (0.03) | 0.0004 | 21 (0.09) | 9 (0.07) | 12 (0.10) | 0.51 |
| Liver Disease | 207 (0.24) | 102 (0.70) | 105 (0.15) | <0.0001 | 132 (0.55) | 72 (0.60) | 60 (0.50) | 0.29 |
| Metastatic Cancer | 261 (0.31) | 141 (0.97) | 120 (0.17) | <0.0001 | 175 (0.72) | 87 (0.72) | 88 (0.73) | 0.94 |
| Obesity | 1587 (1.88) | 428 (2.95) | 1159 (1.65) | <0.0001 | 665 (2.75) | 329 (2.72) | 336 (2.78) | 0.78 |
| Osteoarthritis | 2833 (3.35) | 1224 (8.43) | 1609 (2.30) | <0.0001 | 1657 (6.85) | 834 (6.90) | 823 (6.81) | 0.78 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 707 (0.84) | 354 (2.44) | 353 (0.50) | <0.0001 | 445 (1.84) | 229 (1.89) | 216 (1.79) | 0.53 |
| Hypertension | 12,186 (14.4) | 4019 (27.7) | 8167 (11.7) | <0.0001 | 6230 (25.8) | 3014 (24.9) | 3216 (26.6) | 0.003 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 6789 (8.02) | 2511 (17.3) | 4278 (6.10) | <0.0001 | 3992 (16.5) | 1896 (15.7) | 2096 (17.3) | 0.0005 |
| H. pylori | 65 (0.08) | 59 (0.41) | 6 (0.01) | <0.0001 | 21 (0.09) | 15 (0.12) | 6 (0.05) | 0.049 |
| PVD | 428 (0.51) | 207 (1.43) | 221 (0.32) | <0.0001 | 258 (1.07) | 134 (1.11) | 124 (1.03) | 0.53 |
| Medications | ||||||||
| Aminoglycoside | 9 (0.01) | 6 (0.04) | 3 (0.00) | 0.0013 | 6 (0.02) | 3 (0.02) | 3 (0.02) | 0.66 |
| Cephalosporin | 6022 (7.12) | 1670 (11.5) | 4352 (6.21) | <0.0001 | 2560 (10.6) | 1260 (10.4) | 1300 (10.8) | 0.40 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 3394 (4.01) | 1607 (11.1) | 1787 (2.55) | <0.0001 | 2134 (8.82) | 1082 (8.95) | 1052 (8.70) | 0.49 |
| Macrolide | 8206 (9.70) | 2727 (18.8) | 5479 (7.82) | <0.0001 | 4124 (17.1) | 2024 (16.7) | 2100 (17.4) | 0.19 |
| Penicillin | 16,659 (19.7) | 4098 (28.2) | 12,561 (17.9) | <0.0001 | 6404 (26.5) | 3146 (26.0) | 3258 (26.9) | 0.10 |
| Penicillinase-resistant | 337 (0.40) | 49 (0.34) | 288 (0.41) | 0.20 | 78 (0.32) | 43 (0.36) | 35 (0.29) | 0.36 |
| Sulfa | 5690 (6.73) | 1603 (11.0) | 4087 (5.83) | <0.0001 | 2436 (10.07) | 1203 (9.95) | 1233 (10.2) | 0.52 |
| Tetracycline | 1100 (1.30) | 281 (1.94) | 819 (1.17) | <0.0001 | 391 (1.62) | 211 (1.74) | 180 (1.49) | 0.11 |
| Vancomycin | 24 (0.03) | 13 (0.09) | 11 (0.02) | <0.0001 | 12 (0.05) | 5 (0.04) | 7 (0.06) | 0.56 |
| Nitrofurantoin | 1070 (1.26) | 312 (2.15) | 758 (1.08) | <0.0001 | 447 (1.85) | 230 (1.90) | 217 (1.79) | 0.53 |
| Amphotericin B | 7 (0.01) | 5 (0.03) | 2 (0.00) | 0.0023 | 3 (0.01) | 1 (0.01) | 2 (0.02) | 1.0 |
| Antiviral | 1051 (1.24) | 321 (2.21) | 730 (1.04) | <0.0001 | 464 (1.92) | 221 (1.83) | 243 (2.01) | 0.30 |
| Antiretroviral | 6 (0.01) | 2 (0.01) | 4 (0.01) | 0.28 | 3 (0.01) | 1 (0.01) | 2 (0.02) | 1.0 |
| Mesalamine | 159 (0.19) | 89 (0.61) | 70 (0.10) | <0.0001 | 104 (0.43) | 54 (0.45) | 50 (0.41) | 0.69 |
| NSAID | 17,915 (21.2) | 5270 (36.3) | 12,645 (18.0) | <0.0001 | 8183 (33.8) | 4029 (33.3) | 4154 (34.4) | 0.089 |
| ARB | 808 (0.96) | 500 (3.44) | 308 (0.44) | <0.0001 | 572 (2.37) | 302 (2.50) | 270 (2.23) | 0.18 |
| ACE Inhibitor | 6102 (7.21) | 2638 (18.2) | 3464 (4.94) | <0.0001 | 3826 (15.8) | 1895 (15.7) | 1931 (16.0) | 0.52 |
| Diuretic | 7004 (8.28) | 3088 (21.3) | 3916 (5.59) | <0.0001 | 4385 (18.1) | 2152 (17.8) | 2233 (18.5) | 0.18 |
| Calcineurin Inhibitor | 21 (0.02) | 13 (0.09) | 8 (0.01) | <0.0001 | 12 (0.05) | 6 (0.05) | 6 (0.05) | 1.0 |
| H2-Blocker | 5896 (6.97) | 4066 (28.0) | 1830 (2.61) | <0.0001 | 4044 (16.7) | 2236 (18.5) | 1808 (15.0) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: ACE inhibitor, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; H2-blocker, histamine-2 receptor blocker; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori infection; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitors; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SD, standard deviation