. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pharmacotherapy. 2019 Mar 21;39(4):443–453. doi: 10.1002/phar.2235

Table 4.

Incidence rates and odds ratios for PPI use and risk of acute kidney injury

	AKI Cohort		Propensity-Matched AKI Cohort

	PPI Users (n = 16,593)	PPI Nonusers (n = 76,742)	PPI Users (n = 13,889)	PPI Nonusers (n = 13,889)

Number of events (%)	148 (0.89)	67 (0.09)	115 (0.83)	29 (0.21)
Incident rate per 1000 person-years	36.4	3.54	33.7	8.48

	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p value

Unadjusted PPI use vs. no PPI use	10.3 (7.71 – 13.8)	<0.0001	3.99 (2.65 – 6.00)	<0.0001
PPI use vs. no PPI use	4.35 (3.14 – 6.04) ^a	<0.0001	3.93 (2.61– 5.93)^b	<0.0001

Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; PPI, proton pump inhibitors; CI, confidence interval; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; H₂, histamine-2; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Adjusted for age, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and use of fluoroquinolones, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and H₂-receptor blockers

Adjusted for age, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and use of macrolides, tetracyclines, NSAIDs, and H₂-receptor blockers