Table 1.
Demographics and disease characteristics of SLE patients who were limited and persistently frequent ED users between 2013 and 2016
| Variables | Persistently Frequent ED use (n=77) | Limited Frequent ED use (n=52) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, mean years (SD) | 42.3 (15.4) | 40.3 (15.9) | 0.482 |
| Female, n (%) | 70 (90.9) | 46 (88.5) | 0.205 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.026 | ||
| Caucasian | 11 (14.3) | 16 (30.8) | |
| African American | 53 (68.8) | 24 (46.1) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 13 (16.9) | 12 (23.1) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| Medicaid | 38 (49.3) | 37 (71.1) | |
| Medicare | 28 (36.4) | 3 (5.8) | |
| Private/Commercial | 11 (14.3) | 12 (23.1) | |
| Area of Deprivation Index, mean (SD)† | 105.6 (11.7) | 102.6 (10.6) | 0.143 |
| Co-morbidities | |||
| Psychiatric diagnosis, n (%) | 27 (35.1) | 17 (32.7) | 0.077 |
| Depression, n (%) | 24 (88.9) | 10 (58.8) | 0.131 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 48 (62.3) | 30 (57.7) | 0.597 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 14 (18.2) | 18 (34.6) | 0.034 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 18 (23.4) | 10 (19.2) | 0.575 |
| Coronary Artery Disease, n (%) | 8 (10.4) | 5 (9.6) | 0.886 |
| Cardiovascular Accident, n (%) | 7 (9.1) | 7 (13.5) | 0.434 |
| Congestive Heart Failure, n (%) | 11 (14.3) | 5 (9.6) | 0.430 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 15 (19.5) | 9 (17.3) | 0.756 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, n (%) | 2 (2.6) | 3 (5.8) | 0.360 |
| No. of co-morbidities, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.3) | 0.614 |
| Body Mass Index, mean (SD) | 30.4 (9.8) | 29.5 (7.4) | 0.584 |
| Long-term opioid therapy, n (%) | 29 (37.7) | 7 (13.5) | 0.003 |
| SLE Disease Characteristics, n (%) | |||
| Disease duration ≥ 10 years | 29 (38.7) | 18 (34.6) | 0.642 |
| Renal Involvement | 34 (44.2) | 18 (34.6) | 0.279 |
| Lupus Nephritis on Dialyses | 15 (44.1) | 3 (16.7) | 0.027 |
| Lupus Nephritis with Transplant | 7 (20.5) | 3 (16.7) | 0.489 |
| Lung Involvement | 15 (19.5) | 16 (30.8) | 0.141 |
| Pericarditis | 14 (18.2) | 13 (25.0) | 0.350 |
| Medication Use | |||
| None, n (%) | 6 (7.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0.149 |
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 55 (71.4) | 41 (78.8) | 0.344 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 59 (76.6) | 45 (86.5) | 0.162 |
| Other DMARD*, n (%) | 39 (50.6) | 34 (65.4) | 0.098 |
| Azathioprine | 15 (38.5) | 16 (47.0) | 0.141 |
| Methotrexat | 8 (20.5) | 10 (29.4) | 0.155 |
| Myocophenolate mofetil | 24 (61.5) | 15 (44.1) | 0.778 |
*
sum of number of participants on Azathioprine, Methotrexate and MMF exceed number of participants on other DMARD, as some were concomitantly on more than one DMARD; SD=standard deviation, No. of co-morbidities=number of co-morbidities, Other DMARD=disease modifying antirheumatic drug (exclude HCQ)