Table 4.

Patient characteristics associated with higher propensity to utilize the ED for pain among SLE patients who persistently frequented the ED

Variables	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	0.870
Race
African American	Reference	-
Caucasian	0.25 (0.02–3.09)	0.283
Hispanic	0.02 (0.00–0.17)	<0.001
Area of Deprivation Index	1.05 (0.98–1.12)	0.201
No. of co-morbidities	0.54 (0.33–0.89)	0.015
Long-term opioid therapy	7.50 (1.19–47.43)	0.032
Body Mass Index Other DMARD use	1.12 (1.01–1.24) 2.55 (0.50–12.97)	0.034 0.258

OR-=odds ratio, 95% CI=95% confidence interval, No. of co-morbidities=number of co-morbidities, Other DMARD=disease modifying antirheumatic drug (other than HCQ)