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. 2019 Apr 8;9:5790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42286-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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LPS-induced memory defects in the MWM test and passive avoidance performance test. (A) Mice showed impaired learning and memory function after injections of LPS during the place-navigation test. (B) Mice showed an effect of LPS on memory function during the spatial probe test. C: Latency in the passive avoidance test. D: Error number in the passive avoidance test (n = 10). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 LPS-induced (i.p. 500 μg/kg) compared to the i.p. saline group; ^ΔP < 0.05, ^ΔΔP < 0.01 LPS-induced (i.p. 750 μg/kg) compared to the i.p. saline group; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, LPS-induced (i.c.v. 12 μg) compared to the i.c.v. saline group.