Table 2.

The pediatric audiovestibular test battery.

Audiological tests

Vestibular tests

• Pure tone audiometry with masking • Tympanometry • Stapedial reflexes • Otoscopy • Transient otoacoustic emissions

• Full neurological examination • Musculoskeletal examination • Full oculomotor examination • Assessment of subjective visual vertical • Videonystagmography with and without visual fixation for head shake, head heave, ocular counter rolling and ectopic eye movements • Video head impulse test • Vestibulo-spinal test battery with and without foam cushion for Romberg, Unterberger, tandem gait; one legged stance and sharpened Romberg • Office rotatory chair tests and suppression of visual fixation • Mastoid vibration test • Dix Hallpike, supine roll and deep head hanging tests

VNG software was used to video record and play back for head shake, head heave, ocular counter rolling, mastoid vibration, positional tests and suppression of visual fixation tests; Unterberger test: child is asked to walk/jog in place with eyes closed; Sharpened Romberg's test: placing one heel in front of toe as in tandem gait but not moving with eyes open and closed with and without proprioception.