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. 2019 Apr 2;10:666. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00666

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Copyright © 2019 Xu, Huang, Hou, Kwok, Laga, Wang, Ma, Sun and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of probiotic application on the gut microbiota diversity and structure. (A) The effect of probiotics on canine gut microbial α diversity. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) score plots of the elderly (B), young (C), and training (D) groups based on the weighted UniFrac distance days 0, 30, 60, and 15(AC) (15 days after ceasing probiotic treatment), respectively. F-value and P-value on the PCoA score plots represent the difference of two groups generated by PERMANOVA.