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. 2019 Apr 2;6:32. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00032

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Copyright © 2019 Quah, Ng, Fries, Chan, Aris, Lee, Yap, Godfrey, Chong, Shek, Tan, Forde and Chong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Path models including associations between maternal feeding practices and child BMI in both directions (n = 428). Values represent β's derived from linear regression analyses as presented in Table 4 after the adjustment for potential confounders and baseline outcomes. Paths were adjusted for confounders (for age of CFPQ assessment, early BMI during early pregnancy (15 weeks), child birth order, and duration of breastfeeding, maternal ethnicity, and maternal education), and maternal feeding practices at child age 3 y (only in child-BMI at 4y to maternal feeding practices at 5y regressions) and child BMI at age 4 y (only in maternal feeding practices to child-BMI regressions). *p < 0.05 was statistically significant.