Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (n = 428)a.
| Child characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Sex (M), n (%) | 219 (51) |
| Age at CFQ assessment (years) | 4.9 ± 0.2 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Chinese | 201 (47) |
| Malay | 138 (32) |
| Indian | 89 (21) |
| Birth order, n (%) | |
| First child | 190 (44) |
| Not first child | 238 (56) |
| BMI SD score at age 4 years | 0.22 ± 1.3 |
| BMI SD score at age 6 years | 0.09 ± 1.5 |
| Child overweight status at 4 years old (>+ 2 z-score) Overweight, n (%) | 35 (7.8) |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 412 (92.2) |
| Child overweight status at 6 years old (>+1 z-score) Overweight, n (%) | 345 (23) |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 102 (77) |
| MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS | |
| Educational level, n (%) | |
| None/primary/secondary | 119 (28) |
| Post-secondary/tertiary | 306 (72) |
| BMI at 15 weeks (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 5.0 |
| Maternal age (years) | 30.6 ± 5.3 |
| Breastfeeding duration, n (%) | |
| Never breastfed | 15 (3.6) |
| Breastfed for <6 months | 361 (86.4) |
| Breastfed for >6 months | 42 (10.0) |
| CFPQ subscale scores at year 5 (scores) Modeling | 3.70 (0.95) |
| Encouraging balance/variety | 4.26 (0.57) |
| Healthy environment | 3.65 (0.76) |
| Teaching about nutrition | 3.90 (0.70) |
| Child involvement | 3.50 (0.84) |
| Monitoring | 3.52 (1.00) |
| Restriction for weight control | 2.57 (0.85) |
| Restriction for health | 3.71 (0.79) |
| Pressure | 3.60 (0.74) |
| Emotional regulation | 2.22 (0.75) |
| Child control | 2.85 (0.57) |
| Food as reward | 3.05 (0.95) |
a
Some data were missing for age at CFPQ assessment (n = 194), BMI at 15 weeks (n = 19), maternal education (n = 3), breastfeeding (n = 10).