Table 3.
Linear regression analyses between maternal feeding practices standard deviation (SD) scores from the CFPQ at 5y and child BMI standard deviation (SD) scores at 6y (n = 428)a.
| Feeding practices subscales (SD scores) | Child BMI (SD scores) | P-value | Feeding practices subscales (SD scores) | Child BMI (SD scores) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modeling | Restriction for weight control | ||||
| Model 1 | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | 0.302 | Model 1 | 0.09 (0.06, 0.11) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | 0.351 | Model 2 | 0.08 (0.06, 0.11) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | - | - | Model 3 | 0.02 (0.002, 0.03) | 0.024 |
| Encouraging balance/variety | Restriction for health | ||||
| Model 1 | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | 0.154 | Model 1 | 0.06 (0.008, 0.11) | 0.022 |
| Model 2 | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.003) | 0.048 | Model 2 | 0.056 (0.005, 0.11) | 0.030 |
| Model 3 | - | - | Model 3 | - | - |
| Healthy environment | Pressure | ||||
| Model 1 | 0.012 (−0.04, 0.07) | 0.631 | Model 1 | −0.11 (−0.16,−0.05) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.419 | Model 2 | −0.09 (−0.14,−0.04) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | - | - | Model 3 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.300 |
| Teaching about nutrition | Emotional regulation | ||||
| Model 1 | −0.0344 (−0.10, 0.03) | 0.319 | Model 1 | −0.001 (−0.06, 0.06) | 0.999 |
| Model 2 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.320 | Model 2 | 0.007 (−0.05, 0.06) | 0.811 |
| Model 3 | - | - | Model 3 | - | - |
| Child involvement | Child control | ||||
| Model 1 | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.01) | 0.122 | Model 1 | −0.032 (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.145 |
| Model 2 | −0.05 (−0.11,−0.001) | 0.045 | Model 2 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) | 0.252 |
| Model 3 | - | - | Model 3 | - | - |
| Monitoring | Food as reward | ||||
| Model 1 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.001 | Model 1 | −0.006 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0.843 |
| Model 2 | 0.05 (0.009, 0.08) | 0.013 | Model 2 | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.690 |
| Model 3 | - | - | Model 3 | - |
All values are β's; 95%CI in parentheses. Values are derived from multivariable general linear regression models. The regression coefficient is interpreted as “For every 1-unit increase in standard deviation scores in the exposure variable, the outcome variable will increase by the beta coefficient value in standard deviation scores.Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age of CFPQ assessment, early BMI during early pregnancy (15 weeks), child birth order, and duration of breastfeeding, maternal ethnicity, and maternal education; Model 3: Further adjustments were only tested if the confounder adjusted maternal feeding practice to BMI association was statistically significant; further adjustments were conducted only for feeding practice subscale “restriction for weight control” and “pressure” with baseline BMI at year 5.