Table 2.

Examples of mutable motifs

Test system/mutagen/spectrum	Mutable motif	Comments	Reference
Spontaneous G:C→A:T mutations in human genome	CG	May result from the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine	[77]
Somatic mutations in immunoglobulin genes	RGYW WA	AGYW is more mutable compared with GGYW	[27, 30]
		TA is more mutable compared with AA
AID	WRC	In vitro DNA damages	[88]
Somatic mutations in many cancers	WRCG	Hybrid motif (WRC+CG)	[32]
APOBEC1	TCW	Expression of rat gene in yeast	[58]
APOBEC3G	CCR	Expression of human gene in yeast	[58]
APOBEC3A/B	TCW	Expression of human gene in yeast and analysis of mutations in cancer genomes	[27, 30]
Hotspots of errors produced by human DNA pol η	WA	In vitro gap filling	[40]
Pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts	YTCA	In vitro DNA damages	[83]
Cyclobutane dimers photoproducts	YTT	In vitro DNA damages	[83]
Insertions/deletions in human genes	YYYTG	Analysis of human disease genes	[87]

Note: Hotspot positions are underlined; for some motifs, the exact location of hotspot positions cannot be defined. The standard nomenclature for consensus sequences: R = A/G, Y = T/C, M = A/C, K = G/T, W = A/T, S = G/C, B = T/C/G, D = A/T/G, H = A/T/C, V = A/G/C and N = A/T/G/C.