Table 1.
Squared bias 
in the unit of 
, variance 
in the unit of 
, relative efficiency measured with respect to the variance of the UDLM estimator, and distance. Distances are the average Euclidean distance between the vector of lag coefficient estimates and the vector of the true coefficients 
i.e. 
. Results for distributed lag 
DL
function estimation 
upper
and results for total effect estimation 
lower
are averaged across 
simulation repetitions
| DL Function Estimation | UDLM | CDLM | EB1 | EB2 | GRR | GADLM | BDLM | HB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Squared Bias | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.00 | |
(1) Working DL Function
|
Variance | 19.49 | 2.31 | 9.80 | 10.56 | 3.62 | 4.15 | 11.13 | 4.32 |
| Completely Matches | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 8.43 | 1.99 | 1.85 | 5.38 | 4.70 | 1.68 | 4.52 |
| True DL Function | Distance | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
| Squared Bias | 0.02 | 7.53 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 1.02 | 1.21 | 0.57 | 0.96 | |
(2) Working DL Function
|
Variance | 20.03 | 1.36 | 11.64 | 12.20 | 4.64 | 5.50 | 8.02 | 3.79 |
| Moderately Departs from | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 2.26 | 1.62 | 1.56 | 3.54 | 2.99 | 2.33 | 4.22 |
| True DL Function | Distance | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Squared Bias | 0.02 | 27.59 | 1.68 | 1.41 | 7.27 | 17.68 | 6.29 | 6.15 | |
| (3) Non-smooth True | Variance | 20.23 | 1.36 | 15.50 | 15.95 | 10.38 | 9.62 | 8.95 | 8.65 |
| DL Function | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 0.70 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 0.72 | 1.33 | 1.37 |
| Distance | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.12 | |
| (4) Multiple True | Squared Bias | 0.02 | 1.19 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.26 |
| DL Functions | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 1.54 | 1.53 | 1.42 | 2.09 | 1.79 | 1.77 | 2.26 |
| Total Effect Estimation | UDLM | CDLM | EB1 | EB2 | GRR | GADLM | BDLM | HB | |
(1) Working DL Function
|
Squared Bias | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.01 |
| Completely Matches | Variance | 3.31 | 3.26 | 3.74 | 3.76 | 3.29 | 3.35 | 3.20 | 3.31 |
| True DL Function | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
(2) Working DL Function
|
Squared Bias | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Moderately Departs from | Variance | 3.29 | 3.26 | 4.43 | 4.43 | 3.24 | 3.15 | 3.18 | 3.25 |
| True DL Function | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.01 |
| Squared Bias | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | |
| (3) Non-smooth True | Variance | 3.04 | 2.99 | 3.55 | 3.53 | 3.00 | 3.08 | 2.90 | 3.01 |
| DL Function | Relative Efficiency | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.01 |
Bold values corresponding to the best performer in each row. 
The working distributed lag (DL) function in CDLM for CDLM, EB1, EB2, GRR, and HB.