Table 2.
Patient characteristics and distribution of sleep apnea and depression scores across participant population (N = 176), Temple University Sleep Study: 2014–2015.
| Patient characteristics: |
All study patients |
OSA high risk |
OSA medium risk |
OSA low risk |
p-valuea |
PHQ9 severe/moderately severe depression |
PHQ9 moderate depression |
PHQ9 minimal/mild depression |
p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or median (IQR) | n = 176 | n = 36 | n = 67 | n = 73 | n = 45 | n = 39 | n = 92 | ||
| Age, yearsb | 49 (43–55) | 54 (50–60) | 51 (44–57) | 45 (36–49) | < 0.001 | 48 (44–53) | 48 (42–55) | 50 (44–57) | 0.38 |
| Years since HIV diagnosisb | 11.9 (5.6–19.0) | 15.9 (7.7–19.1) | 10.5 (5.3–19.1) | 10.7 (5.8–19.0) | 0.39 | 8.1 (4.6–19.9) | 13.1 (6.6–19.0) | 13.2 (6.2–19.0) | 0.29 |
| Sex | 0.023 | 0.044 | |||||||
| Male | 78 (44.3) | 20 (55.6) | 33 (49.3) | 25 (34.2) | 16 (35.6) | 14 (35.9) | 48 (52.2) | ||
| Female | 98 (55.7) | 16 (44.4) | 34 (50.7) | 48 (65.8) | 29 (64.4) | 25 (64.1) | 44 (47.8) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 0.47 | 0.76 | |||||||
| White, non-Hispanic/Latino | 9 (5.1) | 4 (11.1) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (4.1) | 2 (4.4) | 2 (5.1) | 5 (5.4) | ||
| Black, non-Hispanic/Latino | 132 (75.0) | 25 (69.4) | 54 (80.6) | 53 (72.6) | 33 (73.3) | 29 (74.4) | 70 (76.1) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 34 (19.3) | 7 (19.4) | 11 (16.4) | 16 (21.9) | 10 (22.2) | 7 (17.9) | 17 (18.5) | ||
| HIV risk | 0.91 | 0.75 | |||||||
| IDU | 19 (10.8) | 3 (8.3) | 8 (11.9) | 8 (11.0) | 4 (8.9) | 3 (7.7) | 12 (13.0) | ||
| MSM | 40 (22.7) | 8 (22.2) | 12 (17.9) | 20 (27.4) | 11 (24.4) | 6 (15.4) | 23 (25.0) | ||
| Heterosexual | 112 (63.6) | 24 (66.7) | 45 (67.2) | 43 (58.9) | 29 (64.4) | 29 (74.4) | 54 (58.7) | ||
| Insuranceb | 0.051 | 0.28 | |||||||
| Private | 19 (10.8) | 3 (8.3) | 6 (9.0) | 10 (13.7) | 2 (4.4) | 6 (15.4) | 11 (12.0) | ||
| Public | 154 (87.5) | 30 (83.3) | 61 (91.0) | 63 (86.3) | 43 (95.6) | 33 (84.6) | 78 (84.8) | ||
| Median (IQR) CD4 + cell count/mm3b | 559 (359–848) | 564 (394–847) | 616 (359–936) | 541 (335–793) | 0.27 | 585 (254–934) | 554 (376–1010) | 554 (386–798) | 0.81 |
| Viral load > 20 copies/mLb | 51 (29.0) | 3 (8.3) | 9 (13.4) | 8 (11.0) | 0.80 | 13 (28.9) | 13 (33.3) | 25 (27.2) | 0.75 |
| Body mass index ⩾ 30 kg/m2 | 72 (40.9) | 27 (75.0) | 29 (43.3) | 16 (21.9) | < 0.001 | 21 (46.7) | 16 (41.0) | 35 (38.0) | 0.63 |
| Large neck circumference | 39 (22.2) | 13 (36.1) | 16 (23.9) | 10 (13.7) | 0.007 | 14 (31.1) | 11 (28.2) | 14 (15.2) | 0.025 |
| Diabetes | 34 (19.3) | 13 (36.1) | 16 (23.9) | 5 (6.8) | < 0.001 | 8 (17.8) | 8 (20.5) | 18 (19.6) | 0.83 |
| Hypertension | 91 (51.7) | 30 (83.3) | 43 (64.2) | 18 (24.7) | < 0.001 | 18 (40.0) | 22 (56.4) | 51 (55.4) | 0.12 |
| Dyslipidemia | 62 (35.2) | 16 (44.4) | 27 (40.3) | 19 (26.0) | 0.037 | 11 (24.4) | 15 (38.5) | 36 (39.1) | 0.11 |
| Lung disease | 44 (25.0) | 9 (25.0) | 18 (26.9) | 17 (23.3) | 0.77 | 20 (44.4) | 9 (23.1) | 15 (16.3) | < 0.001 |
| Depression | 122 (69.3) | 22 (61.1) | 45 (67.2) | 55 (75.3) | 0.11 | 38 (84.4) | 31 (79.5) | 53 (57.6) | < 0.001 |
| Any psychiatric condition | 136 (77.3) | 24 (66.7) | 53 (79.1) | 59 (80.8) | 0.13 | 41 (91.1) | 32 (82.1) | 63 (68.5) | 0.002 |
| Sleep apnea | 19 (10.8) | 9 (25.0) | 6 (9.0) | 4 (5.5) | 0.004 | 3 (6.7) | 4 (10.3) | 12 (13.0) | 0.26 |
| Any sleep medication usec | 52 (29.5) | 11 (30.6) | 22 (32.8) | 19 (26.0) | 0.52 | 14 (31.1) | 11 (28.2) | 27 (29.3) | 0.86 |
IDU: intravenous drug use; IQR: interquartile range; MSM: men who have sex with men; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; PHQ9: Patient health questionnaire for depression.
OSA low risk is a score of 0–2, medium risk is a score of 3–4, and high risk is a score of 5–8; PHQ9 minimal/mild depression risk is defined as a score of 0–9, moderate depression risk is defined as a score of 10–14, and severe/moderately severe depression risk is defined as a score of 15 or higher.
Cochran-Armitage trend test for binary variables, Yates-corrected chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables.
At or closest to date of first visit during 2014–2015.
Includes benadryl, diazepam, lorazepam, lunesta, zolpidem, or trazodone.