Table 1.
Characteristics between fluid responsive and non-responsive groups
| Variables | Volume unresponsive (n = 4226) | Volume responsive (n = 2456) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Gender male, n (%) | 2203 (52.1) | 1495 (60.9) | < 0.001 |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 68.81 (15.14) | 63.82 (16.67) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.013 | ||
| Asian | 58 (1.4) | 45 (1.8) | |
| Black | 351 (8.3) | 197 (8.0) | |
| Hispanic | 94 (2.2) | 83 (3.4) | |
| Unknown | 517 (12.2) | 326 (13.3) | |
| White | 3206 (75.9) | 1805 (73.5) | |
| Admission type (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Elective | 656 (15.5) | 485 (19.7) | |
| Emergency | 3454 (81.7) | 1908 (77.7) | |
| Urgent | 116 (2.7) | 63 (2.6) | |
| Elective surgery, n (%) | 574 (13.6) | 448 (18.2) | < 0.001 |
| ICU type (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| CCU | 391 (9.3) | 180 (7.3) | |
| CSRU | 619 (14.6) | 646 (26.3) | |
| MICU | 1939 (45.9) | 932 (37.9) | |
| SICU | 771 (18.2) | 385 (15.7) | |
| TSICU | 506 (12.0) | 313 (12.7) | |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 1266 (30.0) | 561 (22.8) | < 0.001 |
| Infection, n (%) | 2639 (62.4) | 1168 (47.6) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 1804 (42.7) | 768 (31.3) | < 0.001 |
| Serum laboratory variables, mean (SD) if not otherwise specified | |||
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 1.74 (1.50) | 1.26 (0.98) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum glucose (mg/dl) | 186.32 (99.16) | 180.38 (85.71) | 0.013 |
| Minimum bicarbonate (mmol/l) | 20.82 (5.41) | 22.24 (4.32) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum bilirubin (mg/dl, median [IQR]) | 0.80 [0.50, 1.90] | 0.70 [0.40, 1.30] | < 0.001 |
| Maximum bicarbonate (mmol/l) | 23.80 (4.94) | 24.88 (3.97) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum chloride (mmol/l) | 102.93 (6.65) | 102.63 (6.16) | 0.062 |
| Maximum chloride (mmol/l) | 107.94 (6.69) | 108.28 (5.85) | 0.036 |
| Minimum hematocrit (%) | 28.76 (5.98) | 28.46 (6.21) | 0.052 |
| Maximum hematocrit (%) | 35.14 (5.69) | 35.93 (5.79) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum lactate (mmol/l) | 3.30 (2.85) | 2.75 (1.90) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum platelet (×109/l, median [IQR]) | 181.00 [120.25, 253.75] | 178.00 [128.00, 240.00] | 0.479 |
| Maximum potassium (mmol/l) | 4.80 (0.94) | 4.78 (0.96) | 0.444 |
| Maximum aPTT (median [IQR]) | 34.20 [28.42, 47.80] | 32.50 [27.50, 40.60] | < 0.001 |
| Maximum INR | 1.89 (1.82) | 1.59 (1.02) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum sodium (mmol/l) | 136.42 (5.92) | 136.23 (5.34) | 0.210 |
| Maximum sodium (mmol/l) | 140.20 (5.57) | 140.23 (4.42) | 0.850 |
| Maximum BUN (median [IQR]) | 28.00 [19.00, 45.00] | 20.00 [14.00, 30.00] | < 0.001 |
| Minimum WBC (×109/l) | 11.67 (7.68) | 10.61 (6.48) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum WBC (×109/l) | 15.77 (10.08) | 14.62 (9.69) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum albumin (g/dl) | 2.83 (0.66) | 3.03 (0.63) | < 0.001 |
| Vital signs, mean (SD) | |||
| Maximum heart rate (/min) | 106.76 (22.48) | 105.97 (19.98) | 0.147 |
| Minimum systolic BP (mmHg) | 85.09 (18.03) | 89.16 (16.46) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum diastolic BP (mmHg) | 40.38 (11.69) | 43.60 (10.97) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum respiratory rate (/min) | 28.17 (6.75) | 27.52 (6.57) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum temperature (°C) | 37.48 (0.88) | 37.64 (0.76) | < 0.001 |
| Urinary biomarkers, mean (SD) | |||
| Urinary pH | 5.66 (0.79) | 5.78 (0.86) | < 0.001 |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dl) | 132.51 (79.89) | 111.61 (73.01) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: ICU intensive care unit, BP blood pressure, CCU coronary artery unit, CSRU cardiac surgery recovery unit, MICU medical ICU, SICU surgical ICU, TSICU trauma-neuro surgical ICU, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, pH potential hydrogen, aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time, WBC white blood cell count