Table 1.
Results of Multilevel Models Examining Cross-Sectional Associations Between Activity Diversity and Well-Being
| Psychological well-being | Depression | Positive affect | Negative affect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||||
| Intercept, β0 | 15.87*** | (0.30) | 1.08*** | (0.24) | 3.25*** | (0.09) | 1.83*** | (0.07) |
| Older (vs. youngera), β1 | 0.35 | (0.22) | −0.29 | (0.18) | 0.16* | (0.06) | −0.13* | (0.05) |
| Middle-aged (vs. younger), β2 | 0.13 | (0.16) | −0.19 | (0.13) | 0.08† | (0.05) | −0.04 | (0.04) |
| Men (vs. Women), β3 | 0.05 | (0.12) | −0.23* | (0.10) | 0.06† | (0.04) | −0.05† | (0.03) |
| White (vs. Non-white), β4 | 0.62* | (0.26) | 0.09 | (0.21) | 0.10 | (0.08) | −0.22*** | (0.06) |
| Education, β5 | 0.06* | (0.03) | −0.02 | (0.02) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.00 | (0.01) |
| Personality—Extraversion, β6 | 1.29*** | (0.11) | −0.05* | (0.09) | 0.28*** | (0.03) | −0.08** | (0.03) |
| Personality—Neuroticism, β7 | −1.27*** | (0.10) | 0.43*** | (0.08) | −0.35*** | (0.03) | 0.35*** | (0.02) |
| Physical health status, β8 | 0.27*** | (0.05) | −0.17*** | (0.05) | 0.12*** | (0.02) | −0.09*** | (0.01) |
| Married/partnered (vs. Not), β9 | 0.40** | (0.13) | −0.33** | (0.11) | 0.03 | (0.04) | −0.08* | (0.03) |
| Number of children, β10 | 0.02 | (0.04) | 0.02 | (0.03) | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.00 | (0.01) |
| Time spent in 7 activities (hours), β11 | 0.02* | (0.01) | 0.03* | (0.01) | −0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | (0.00) |
| Burst 1 (vs. Burst 0), β12 | −0.17* | (0.08) | −0.07 | (0.08) | −0.01 | (0.02) | −0.02 | (0.02) |
| Activity diversity, β13 | −2.96** | (1.25) | 0.11 | (1.10) | 0.44 | (0.38) | 0.01 | (0.31) |
| Activity diversity × Older, β14 | 5.89*** | (1.56) | −0.86 | (1.38) | −0.32 | (0.48) | −0.32 | (0.39) |
| Activity diversity × Middle-aged, β15 | 3.47* | (1.37) | −0.46 | (1.21) | −0.41 | (0.42) | −0.11 | (0.34) |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept, | 1.53*** | (0.15) | 0.62*** | (0.10) | 0.13*** | (0.01) | 0.07*** | (0.01) |
| Residual, | 2.14*** | (0.11) | 2.18*** | (0.11) | 0.20*** | (0.01) | 0.14*** | (0.01) |
Notes: N = 793; 1586 observations across two bursts; 1484, 1554, 1481, and 1479 observations were used in model for psychological well-being, depression, positive affect, and negative affect, respectively.
aYounger individuals were the reference group.
† p < .10. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.