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. 2019 Apr 2;9:207. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00207

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Copyright © 2019 Daouk, Hassane, Bahmad, Sinjab, Fujimoto, Abou-Kheir and Kadara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Confirmation of genes differentially expressed in MDA-F471 Gprc5a^−/− Kras-mutant LUAD spheres relative to parental cell counterparts. Differential expression of select genes MDA-F471 G1 spheres and parental cells (three biological replicates/independent experiments in each group and technical duplicates in each experiment) was confirmed by qRT-PCR and analyzed using 2^−ΔΔCt method by normalization to the average of two reference genes (Gapdh and Tbp). Genes studied and depicted in the figure include those pertinent to stemness self-renewal (A), tumor-promoting inflammation and cytokines/chemokines (B), anti-oxidant function (C) and tumor-promoting mucins (D). Relative expression values are presented as means + SEM (n=3). (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 by Student's t-test).