Figure 10.

Analysis of apoptosis and necrosis induced by EM-ANPs+ATP by flow cytometry. HeLa cells were treated with 0, 40, 200, and 400 µM EM-ANPs+ATP, 3.7 mM of free ATP and 500 µM of H₂O₂ as positive control, for 72 hours. The acquisition data were divided into four quadrants according to the type of fluorescence emitted from the cells: Q2-UL calculates the percent of cells undergoing apoptosis (Annexin V), Q2-UR calculates the percent of cells undergoing late apoptosis or induced necrosis (Annexin V and propidium iodide), Q2-LL calculates the percent of cells with no fluorescence, and Q2-LR calculates the percent of cells undergoing necrosis induced by the different treatments (A). Results with EM-ANP+ATP 200 and 400 µM showed an increase in the percentage of necrotic cells compared to free ATP (B). Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3).

Abbreviations: EM-ANPs+ATP, ATP-carrying albumin nanoparticles coated with erythrocyte membranes; SEM, standard error of mean; EM, erythrocyte membrane.