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. 2019 Jan 21;8(1):155–168. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2018.1564369

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© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Cross-reactive antibodies bind divergent HAs from avian and mammalian isolates of both the Eurasian and North American H4 lineage. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of various selected H4 HAs. The HAs of H4 viruses cluster into two groups, Eurasian or North American lineage. The scale bar represents a 1% difference in amino acid sequence. (B–G) Binding of mAbs to recombinant H4 proteins of avian or mammalian origin. Standard ELISA assays were performed to test the binding of the eight mAbs to (B) A/duck/Czechoslovakia/1956 H4, (C) A/swine/HuBei/06/2009 H4, (D) A/duck/Zhejiang/D9/2013 H4, (E) A/blue-winged teal/Illinois/10OS1563/2010 H4, (F) A/shorebird/Delaware Bay/718/1988 H4, and (G) A/swine/Missouri/A01727926/2015 H4. (H–I) Binding of mAbs to recombinant chimeric HA proteins, cH4/3 and cH4/1, consisting of an H4 head and H3 or H1 stalks respectively. These ELISAs were performed on Ni-NTA plates onto which the chimeric proteins were added. (J) Binding of mAbs to a Cal09 H1 recombinant protein. The positive control used was mAb CR9114, which is a broadly reactive human antibody binding all HA subtypes. A mAb binding to the Lassa virus glycoprotein was used as negative control. (K) IVPM. An influenza virus protein microarray was utilized to further test the breadth of the mAbs to HAs from all influenza A virus HA subtypes. Microarray slides were printed with all the respective proteins and three different dilutions per antibody were tested. Area under the curve (AUC) values from each antibody were calculated and the data is presented as a heat map. Shown are group 1 HA proteins followed by group 2 HA proteins including various H4 proteins, and a neuraminidase (N2) protein as a control. dCZ 56 corresponds to A/duck/Czechoslovakia/1956 H4, dZJ13 corresponds to A/duck/Zhejiang/D9/2013 H4, sHB 09 corresponds to A/swine/HuBei/06/2009 H4, bwtIL 10 corresponds to A/blue-winged teal/Illinois/10OS1563/2010 H4, sMO 15 corresponds to A/swine/Missouri/A01727926/2015 H4, and sDE 88 corresponds to A/shorebird/Delaware Bay/718/1988 H4. One influenza virus neuraminidase, N2, was added as an irrelevant protein and the negative control used was an anti-Lassa glycoprotein antibody.