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. 2019 Apr 2;10:663. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00663

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Copyright © 2019 Humbert, Brennan, Davison, Rosset, Trichet, Blanchard and Layrolle.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The two possible outcomes of subcutaneous implantation of mesenchymal stem cells on calcium phosphate ceramic in mice. Histology of the implants: TRAP staining for osteoclasts detection after 4 weeks and Masson's trichrome to evaluate bone formation after 8 weeks. On the left, chronic inflammation (o) with formation of TRAP negative MNGCs followed by fibrous encapsulation and no sign of bone formation. On the right, osteoclastogenesis on the biomaterial followed by abundant bone formation (^*). NK, natural killer; BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate; MNGC, multi-nucleated giant cell; OC, osteoclast; OBs, osteoblasts; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.