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. 2019 Apr 2;10:685. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00685

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Copyright © 2019 Hazeldine, Dinsdale, Harrison and Lord.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of traumatic injury on PMA-induced NET formation. (A) Basal NET generation by resting neutrophils isolated from healthy controls (HC) and trauma patients as assessed by DNA concentration in cell free supernatants following a 3 h in vitro culture. (B) HMGB-1 and (C) IL-33 concentrations in serum samples from HC and trauma patients. IL-33 levels were undetectable (N.D) in serum samples from HC. (D,E) Following a 3 h in vitro stimulation with PMA, NET production by neutrophils from HC and trauma patients was compared by measuring DNA concentration in cell free supernatants (D) and fluorescence microscopy (E). For supernatant analysis, number of samples are shown below each time-point. For microscope images, HC (n = 12), ≤1 h (n = 6), 4–12 h (n = 6), and 48–72 h (n = 8). ^*p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.001, ^***p < 0.0001 vs. HC.