Table 2.
CD8+ memory T cells in pregnancy.
| Memory T cell | Markers (human) | Cytokines | Findings in pregnancy | Findings in complications of pregnancy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD8+ | EM | General | CD45RO+, CD45RA−, CD44+, CCR7-, CD62L- | Combination of cytokines produced by EM1, EM2, EM3, and EM4 | - Higher proportions in peripheral blood postpartum compared to nulliparous women (30) - Higher proportion in decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 22, 31) - Comparable proportions and PD-1+ and PDL-1+ proportions in peripheral blood in pregnant and non-pregnant women (30, 34) - Higher CD38 and HLA-DR expression in peripheral blood in 3rd trimester compared to non-pregnant women (34, 44) - Higher proportions of IFN-gamma+ and IL4+ in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 22) - Higher expression of PD-1, Tim-3, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 45, 46) - Elevated gene expression in genes involved in chemotaxis, co-inhibitory receptors, T cell activation, galectin 1, and the IFN-gamma pathway, in decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 46) - Comparable gene expression in decidua in 1st and 3rd trimester (46) |
- Comparable proportions in peripheral blood in preeclampsia and healthy controls (32) - Higher proportions in peripheral blood in women with recurrent miscarriages compared to healthy controls (not specified CD4/CD8) (33) |
| EM1 | CD45RO+, CD45RA−, CD44+, CCR7−, CD62L−, CD27+, CD28+, CD127+ | Granzyme K+, Granzyme B−, Perforin +/−, IFN-gamma+, IL4+, IL5+ | - Higher proportions in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 22) | - Comparable proportions in peripheral blood in preeclampsia and healthy controls (32) - Lower proportions in pregnant CMV+ women compared to pregnant CMV- women (44) |
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| EM2 | CD45RO+, CD45RA−, CD44+, CCR7−, CD62L-, CD27+, CD28−, CD94+ | Perforin+/−,Granzyme B+/−, IFN-gamma+ | − Higher proportions in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 22) Lower proportion of perforin+ and granzyme B+ in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (22, 47) | - Comparable proportions in peripheral blood in preeclampsia and healthy controls (32) | ||
| EM3 | CD45RO+, CD45RA−, CD44+, CCR7−, CD62L−, CD27−, CD28−, CD94+ | Perforin+, Granzyme B+, IFN-gamma+ | - Higher proportions in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 22) Lower proportion perforin+ and granzyme B+ in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (22, 47) | - Comparable proportions in peripheral blood in preeclampsia and healthy controls (32) - Higher proportions in pregnant CMV+ women compared to pregnant CMV- women (44) |
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| EM4 | CD45RO+, CD45RA−,CD44+, CCR7−, CD62L−, CD27−, CD28+, CD127+ | Granzyme K+, Granzyme B−, • Perforin +/−, •IFN-gamma+ | - Higher proportions in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (19, 22) | - Comparable proportions in peripheral blood in preeclampsia and healthy controls (32) - Higher proportions in pregnant CMV+ women compared to pregnant CMV- women (44) |
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| TEMRA | CD45RO−, CD45RA+, CCR7−, CD62L−, CD28− | - Higher proportions in the decidua compared to peripheral blood (22) Higher CD38 expression in peripheral blood in pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women (44) | - Higher proportions in pregnant CMV+ women compared to pregnant CMV- women (44) | |||
| CM | CD45RO+, CD45RA−, CD44+, CCR7+, CD62L+, CD28+, CD27+, CD127+ | Perforin−, Granzyme B−, IFN-gamma−, IL2+ | - Low proportions in decidua, peripheral blood and menstrual blood (22, 31) - Higher proportions in peripheral blood compared to menstrual blood (31) - Comparable proportions and CD38+, CD28+, and CD27+ proportions in peripheral blood in pregnant and non-pregnant women (23, 30, 34) - Higher HLA-DR+ expression in peripheral blood in 3rd trimester compared to non-pregnant women (34) |
- Comparable CD28+ proportions in peripheral blood in preeclampsia and healthy controls (32) - Higher proportions in peripheral blood in women with recurrent miscarriages compared to healthy controls (not specified CD4/CD8) (33) |
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| TRM | CD45RO+, CD45RA−, CD103+/−, CD69+, CCR7−, CD62L−, CD49A+ | Granzyme B+, IFN-gamma+, perforins+ | - Present in the reproductive tract (48, 49) - In the reproductive tract do not require IL15 for maintenance and work independently from CD4+ cells (48–50) |
- Comparable proportions in endometrial tissue from women with recurrent miscarriages compared to healthy controls (51) | ||
| Treg memory | Unknown | Unknown | - Not studied in pregnancy | - Not studied in pregnancy | ||
| FHM | CD45RO+, CXCR5+ | IL21+, IL4+, IFN-gamma+ | - Not studied in pregnancy | - Not studied in pregnancy | ||
| Memory stem cell | CD45RO−, CD45RA+, CCR7+, CD62L+, CD28+, CD27+, CD95+, | IFN-gamma+, IL2+ | - Not studied in pregnancy | - Not studied in pregnancy | ||
EM, effector memory; TEMRA, effector memory CD45RA revertant; CM, central memory; TRM, tissue resident memory; Treg, T regulatory; FHM, Follicular Helper Memory; CCR7, CC-chemokine receptor 7; CD62-L, L-selectin; CXCR5, chemokine receptor type 5; IFN-gamma, interferon-gamma; IL, interleukin; PD-1, programmed death-1; PDL-1, programmed death ligand-1; Tim-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen-DR.