Table 1.
Estimated average annual percent change (AAPC) and incidence (per million) of pediatric cancer by human development index (HDI) category and year of diagnosis
| Cancer | HDI level† | Year of diagnosis |
AAPC (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1988–1992 | 1993–1997 | 1998–2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | |||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Low | * | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 4.04 (−2.96 to 11.55) |
| Medium | 23.5 | 25.2 | 28.3 | 23.9 | 25.6 | 0.10 (−0.92 to 1.13) | |
| High | 29.9 | 33.5 | 43.7 | 41.5 | 44.7 | 1.72 (0.70 to 2.76) | |
| Very high | 49.6 | 51.6 | 54.1 | 57.7 | 53.3 | 0.44 (−0.20 to 1.08) | |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | Low | * | * | 3.1 | 1.8 | * | 1.55 (−10.86 to 15.68) |
| Medium | 6.1 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 6.4 | 5.8 | −0.14 (−2.46 to 2.23) | |
| High | 8.1 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 9.3 | 0.89 (−0.61 to 2.41) | |
| Very high | 8.2 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 1.47 (1.42 to 1.53) | |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Low | 11.4 | 23.0 | 14.5 | 49.2 | 21.0 | 3.88 (−4.04 to 12.46) |
| Medium | 5.9 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 4.5 | −1.50 (−4.07 to 1.13) | |
| High | 10.6 | 10.3 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 8.8 | −1.10 (−2.56 to 0.39) | |
| Very high | 10.2 | 9.7 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 10.8 | 0.16 (−1.68 to 2.04) | |
| Ependymal tumors | Low | * | * | * | * | * | ‡ |
| Medium | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3.92 (1.76 to 6.13) | |
| High | 0.7 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 4.74 (−0.36 to 10.10) | |
| Very high | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.48) | |
| Astrocytic tumors | Low | * | * | * | * | * | ‡ |
| Medium | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | −2.67 (−4.38 to -0.92) | |
| High | 2.7 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 0.98 (−1.60 to 3.63) | |
| Very high | 8.8 | 11.0 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.6 | −2.19 (−4.36 to 0.04) | |
| Medulloblastoma | Low | * | * | * | * | * | ‡ |
| Medium | 3.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.1 | −0.50 (−3.17 to 2.24) | |
| High | 1.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 3.70 (2.59 to 4.82) | |
| Very high | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0.27 (−0.29 to 0.83) | |
| Neuroblastoma | Low | * | 2.2 | * | * | * | ‡ |
| Medium | 3.8 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 2.1 | −3.42 (−6.65 to -0.07) | |
| High | 1.9 | 4.7 | 11.0 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 2.10 (−3.90 to 8.48) | |
| Very high | 10.3 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 1.51 (1.04 to 1.98) | |
| Retinoblastoma | Low | 12.6 | 14.8 | 12.3 | 25.0 | 12.8 | 1.52 (−3.34 to 6.62) |
| Medium | 10.2 | 11.8 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 7.6 | −1.56 (−3.70 to 0.63) | |
| High | 6.8 | 6.8 | 11.8 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 0.65 (−2.06 to 3.43) | |
| Very high | 8.5 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 0.02 (−0.24 to 0.28) | |
| Kidney tumors | Low | 20.8 | 15.6 | 18.9 | 33.9 | 24.6 | 2.80 (−1.10 to 6.86) |
| Medium | 8.6 | 8.8 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 0.60 (−0.27 to 1.48) | |
| High | 8.5 | 10.3 | 14.9 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 2.38 (0.58 to 4.22) | |
| Very high | 17.6 | 17.2 | 17.0 | 17.3 | 17.3 | −0.04 (−0.21 to 0.13) | |
| Hepatoblastoma | Low | * | * | * | * | * | ‡ |
| Medium | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.37 (−1.44 to 4.26) | |
| High | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 7.19 (5.55 to 8.86) | |
| Very high | 0.8 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 3.43 (2.73 to 4.13) | |
| Testicular germ cell tumors | Low | * | * | * | * | * | ‡ |
| Medium | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 1.9 | −0.73 (−2.34 to 0.90) | |
| High | 3.7 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 1.17 (−2.11 to 4.56) | |
| Very high | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.7 | −1.17 (−2.12 to -0.20) | |
*
Rates were not calculated for time periods with less than five cases. CI = confidence interval.
†
There were 5 countries with low HDI, 7 countries with medium HDI, 21 countries with high HDI, and 53 countries with very high HDI.
‡
AAPCs were not calculated when greater than two time periods had zero cases.