9.

Liver‐related mortality up to three months after randomisation. Fifteen trials provided data. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) was calculated based on liver‐related mortality of 30% in the control group; relative risk reduction (RRR) in the glucocorticosteroid group of 20%; type I error of 1%; and type II error of 20% (80% power). Trial diversity was 68%. The required information size was 8059 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm (red inward sloping lines) and did not enter the trial sequential monitoring area for futility (inner‐wedge with red outward sloping lines). The green dotted lines show the conventional boundaries of the naive alpha of 5% equal to Z‐scores of +1.96 and –1.96.