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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Transl Res. 2018 Jul 31;202:35–51. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.013

Fig 2.

Fig 2.

Electron transfer chain (ETC) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). In excess ROS and oxidants, their metabolites, cause mutations in mtDNA and proteins with “virtual opportunity” of damaging all essential systems in the mitochondria.