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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Transl Res. 2018 Jul 31;202:35–51. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.013

Fig 3.

Fig 3.

Mitophagy initiation, amplification and effector stages. 1. Initiation. In a functional mitochondria PINK1 is short-lived, but in the dysfunctional ones it accumulates and autophosphorylates and recruit Parkin. 2. Amplification. Phosphorylated by PINK1, Parkin ubiquitinates the mitochondrial outer membrane’s proteins: new substrates for PINK1-Parkin signal amplification for mitophagy activation. 3. Effector stage. Phosphorylated PINK1 and Lys63 ubiquitin chains serve as receptors for phagophore recruitment and mitophagy. PINK1, putative kinase protein 1.