Table 2.
Data Summary From the Articles That Met the Inclusion Criteria
| Author | Study Year | Demographics | N | Measurement Site | Mean | Mean ± 2 SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baker [11] | 1984 | 24 female students | 24 | Oral | 36.8 | 36.058–37.542 |
| Barley [12] | 1970 | Undescribed demographics | 38 | Oral | 36.36 | 35.28–37.37 |
| Basak [13] | 2013 | Healthy Asian student volunteers, mixed gender with an average age of 19.66 | 452 | Oral | 36.71 | 35.91–37.51 |
| Tympanic | 36.78 | 36–37.56 | ||||
| Casa [14] | 2007 | Mixed gender, average age 26.5 | 25 | Tympanic | 37.16 | 36.585–37.725 |
| Castle [15] | 1993 | NH residents (unknown gender) age 42–102 | 85 | Oral | 36.33 | 35.67–36.99 |
| NH residents (unknown gender) age 42–102 | 22 | Rectal | 37 | 36.222–37.778 | ||
| Chamberlain [16] | 1995 | Age 16–65 | 1035 | Tympanic | 36.55 | 35.67–37.43 |
| Age 66–75 | 180 | Tympanic | 36.46 | 35.6–36.46 | ||
| Age 76–85 | 149 | Tympanic | 36.43 | 35.47–37.39 | ||
| Age >85 | 168 | Tympanic | 36.4 | 35.48–37.32 | ||
| All | 1532 | Tympanic | 36.51 | 35.618–37.405 | ||
| All males | 564 | Tympanic | 36.5 | 35.48–37.52 | ||
| All females | 861 | Tympanic | 36.6 | 35.7–37.5 | ||
| Collins [17] | 1977 | Age 69–90, measured during winter | 47 (19 males, 28 females) | Oral | 36.28 | 35.307–37.263 |
| Urine | 36.51 | 35.69–37.334 | ||||
| Collins [18] | 1981 | Males, age 70–80 | 17 | Oral | 36.6 | 36–37.2 |
| Males, age 18–39 | 13 | Oral | 36.7 | 35.752–37.648 | ||
| Doyle [19] | 1992 | Healthy healthcare worker volunteers, mixed gender | 41 | Rectal | 37.7 | 36.9–38.5 |
| Oral | 36.9 | 35.9–37.9 | ||||
| Tympanic | 36.1 | 34.9–37.3 | ||||
| Edwards [20] | 1978 | Healthy volunteers, mixed gender age 20–35 | 12 | Tympanic | 36.77 | 36.21–37.33 |
| Oral | 37.1 | 36.54–37.66 | ||||
| Rectal | 37.36 | 36.8–37.92 | ||||
| Erickson [21] | 1980 | Hospital faculty between ages 18–42 | 50 (4 males, 46 females) | Oral | 36.69 | 36.515–36.857 |
| Erickson [22] | 1985 | Males age 57–75 | 760 | Oral | 36.73 | 35.89–37.57 |
| Fox [23] | 1971 | Males age 12–28 | 12 | Rectal | 37.24 | 36.98–37.496 |
| Urine | 37.09 | 36.624–37.548 | ||||
| Oral | 36.72 | 36.26–37.176 | ||||
| Fox [24] | 1973 | Mixed genders, age >65 | 1020 | Oral | 36.24 | 34.999–37.491 |
| Fox [25] | 1973 | Mixed gender, age ≥65 | 72 | Oral | 36.1 | 34.9–37.3 |
| Urine | 36.4 | 34.6–38.2 | ||||
| Male only | 20 | Oral | 36 | 34.8–37.2 | ||
| Urine | 36.3 | 34.9–37.7 | ||||
| Female only | 52 | Oral | 36.2 | 35–37.4 | ||
| Urine | 36.4 | 34.4–38.4 | ||||
| Gommolin [26] | 2005 | NH residents, mixed gender with an average age of 80.7 | 150 | Oral | 36.40 | 35.527–37.283 |
| Gommolin [27] | 2007 | NH residents, mixed gender with an average age of 82.5 | 167 | Oral | 36.30 | 35.332–37.28 |
| Gunes [28] | 2008 | NH residents, age 65–90 | 133 | Axillary | 35.77 | 34.5–36.5 |
| Hasan [29] | 2010 | Mixed gender, average age 34 | 184 | Axillary | 36.39 | 35.61–37.5 |
| Oral | 36.8 | 36.1–37.6 | ||||
| Higgins [30] | 1983 | Healthy volunteers, mixed gender age 65–90 | 60 | Oral | 36.61 | |
| Male only | 27 | Oral | 36.72 | |||
| Female only | 33 | Oral | 36.61 | |||
| Horwath [31] | 1950 | Healthy male volunteers, age 16–37 | 16 | Rectal | 37.056 | 36.428–37.684 |
| Oral | 36.53 | 35.978–37.078 | ||||
| Healthy female volunteers, age 19–35 | 38 | Rectal | 37.14 | 36.747–37.531 | ||
| Oral | 36.72 | 36.408–37.036 | ||||
| Ivy [32] | 1945 | Healthy medical students | 276 | Oral | 36.7 | 35.8–37.4 |
| Keilson [33] | 1985 | 11 males, 9 females age 22–43 | 20 | Urine | 36.4 | 35.72–37.08 |
| Oral | 36.21 | 35.41–37.01 | ||||
| 30 males, 65 females age 65–90 | 95 | Urine | 36.53 | 35.81–37.25 | ||
| Oral | 36.41 | 35.57–37.25 | ||||
| Kolanowski [34] | 1981 | Mixed gender, age 65–97 reported in the winter | 101 | Rectal | 36.66 | 34.4–37.6 |
| Oral | 36.02 | 33.4–37.3 | ||||
| Linder [35] | 1935 | Male volunteers, medical staff, and researchers | 24 | Oral | 36.64 | 36.564–36.708 |
| Rectal | 37.14 | 37.044–37.244 | ||||
| Lu [36] | 2009 | Taiwanese volunteers, temperatures measured in winter and summer | ||||
| Mixed gender, age 65–95 | 519 | Oral | 36.79 | 36.392–37.196 | ||
| Mixed gender, age 20–64 | 530 | Oral | 36.80 | 36.393–37.197 | ||
| Males, age ≥65 | 271 | Oral | 36.76 | 36.358–37.162 | ||
| Females, age ≥65 | 248 | Oral | 36.84 | 36.453–37.217 | ||
| Mackowiack [6] | 1992 | Healthy volunteers, age 18–40 | 120 | Oral | 36.8 | 35.6–38.2 |
| Female | 26 | Oral | 36.9 | 35.78–38.02 | ||
| Male | 122 | Oral | 36.7 | 35.62–37.78 | ||
| African American | 105 | Oral | 36.8 | 35.78–37.82 | ||
| White | 43 | Oral | 36.7 | 35.48–37.92 | ||
| Marion [37] | 1991 | Healthy volunteers, mixed gender age 64–96 | 93 | Urine | 37 | 36.5–37.5 |
| Oral | 36.89 | 36.387–37.391 | ||||
| Marui [38] | 2017 | Mixed gender, Japanese volunteers with an average age of 20.7 | 141 | Axillary | 36.45 | 35.544–37.356 |
| Tympanic | 36.8 | 36.2–37.4 | ||||
| McGann [39] | 1993 | Healthy African American females | 35 | Oral | 36.94 | 36.42–37.46 |
| Healthy white females | 41 | Oral | 36.81 | 36.39–37.23 | ||
| Healthy white males | 16 | Oral | 36.79 | 36.37–37.21 | ||
| Nakamura [40] | 1997 | Healthy Japanese nursing home residents, age ≥63 | 57 | Oral | 36.49 | 35.552–37.428 |
| Salvosa [41] | 1971 | Women, age 69–93 | 40 | Oral | 36.02 | 34.81–37.23 |
| Sund-Levander [42] | 2002 | Healthy volunters, mixed gender age ≥65 | 237 | Rectal | 37.05 | 35.6–38 |
| Tympanic | 37.1 | 33.8–38.4 | ||||
| Female only | 159 | Rectal | 37.1 | 36.3–37.9 | ||
| Tympanic | 37.15 | 36.046–38.254 | ||||
| Male only | 78 | Rectal | 37.05 | 36.342–37.758 | ||
| Tympanic | 37 | 36–38 | ||||
| Terndrup [43] | 1989 | Healthy volunteers, mixed gender with an average age of 33.4 | 22 | Oral | 36.4 | |
| Rectal | 37.1 | 36.9–37.3 | ||||
| Tympanic | 37.3 | |||||
| Tympanic | 38.3 | 37.3–39.3 | ||||
| Thatcher [44] | 1983 | Mixed gender, age 60–94 measured in summer and winter | 100 | Oral | 36.6 | 35.7–37.4 |
| Summer subset | 50 | Oral | 36.8 | 36.3–37.4 | ||
| Winter subset | 50 | Oral | 36.4 | 35.7–37 | ||
| Thomas [45] | 2004 | Healthy females, age 21–36 | 19 | Rectal | 37.19 | 36.38–38 |
| Axillary | 36.01 | 34.622–37.398 | ||||
| Healthy females, age 39–59 | 74 | Rectal | 36.98 | 35.41–36.61 | ||
| Axillary | 34.39 | 33.11–35.67 |
Abbreviations: N, number of participants; NH, New Hampshire; SD, standard deviation.