Table 3. Characteristics of included studies with anxiety disorder (AD) groups.
| Reference | Study typeA | Clinical ScaleB |
N of subject (clinical; HC) |
Age (mean ± SD) |
Female patients (%) | Rx | Comorbidity | Stimulus valenceC | Response modality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD NOS) | |||||||||
| Bradley[64] | CC | DSM-III-R | 20; 11 | 37.8 ± 11.3 | 40.0 | - | Yes | GAD | Verbal |
| Chen[65] | CC | DSM-IV-TR | 42; 26 | 34.3 ± 8.0 | 54.8 | Yes | - | GAD, GP | Motor |
| Dozois[54] | CC | SCID | 25; 25 | 38.9 ± 10.4 | - | Yes | - | GN, GP | Verbal |
| Mogg[62] | CC | DSM-III-R | 19; 18 | 38.2 | 73.7 | - | - | GAD, GP | Verbal |
| Price[66] | CC | SCID | 16; 12 | 63.1 ± 3.1 | 68.8 | Yes, not specified | Yes | GN | Motor |
| B) Panic disorder (PD) | |||||||||
| Chen[65] | CC | DSM-IV-TR | 34; 46 | 31.6 ± 8.6 | 67.7 | Yes | - | GP, PD | Motor |
| De Cort[67] | CC | DSM-IV | 32; 30 | 42.5 ± 12.3 | 53.1 | - | - | GN, PD | Motor |
| Deppermann[68] | RCT | DSM-IV-TR | G1: 14; 19 G2: 12; 19 |
38.4 39.1 |
50 75 |
Yes Yes |
Yes Yes |
PD | Motor |
| Dresler[69] | CC | SCID | 20; 23 | 31.7 ± 7.4 | 55.0 | Yes | Yes | PD | Motor |
| Dresler[70] | CC | SCID | 17; 26 | 40.0 ± 11.6 | 58.8 | Yes | Yes | PD | Motor |
| Gropalis[71] | CBA | SCID | 25; 31 | 31.1 ± 8.1 | 64.0 | - | Yes | PD | Motor |
| Kampman[72] | Exp 1–2: CC Exp 3: before after study |
DSM-IV | 18; 18 | 38.9 ± 12.6 | - | - | - | GN, PD | Verbal |
| Lim[57] | CC | ADIS | 33; 33 | 39.7 ± 8.8 | - | Yes | - | GN, GP | Verbal |
| Lundh[73] | CC | ADIS | 35; 35 | 37.2 ± 9.4 | 71.4 | Yes, partially specified | Yes | GN, PD | Verbal |
| Maidenberg[74] | CC | ADIS-R | 15; 15 | Range: 21–49 |
- | No | - | GN, GP, PD | Verbal |
| McNally[75] | CC | ADIS-R | 14; 14 | 36.6 | 64.3 | - | - | GN | Verbal |
| McNally[76] | CC | SCID | 24; 24 | 32.0 ± 9.0 | 91.7 | - | - | GN, GP | Verbal |
| McNally[77] | CC | SCID | 16; 16 | - | 93.7 | - | - | GN, GP, PD | Verbal |
| Reinecke[78] | CC | SCID | 23; 22 | 28.6 ± 8.1 | 69.6 | No | Yes | GN, PD | Verbal |
| Thomas[79] | CC | CIDI | 20; 20 | 36.0 ± 10.0 | 75.0 | Yes | Yes | GN | Motor |
| van den Heuvel[80] | CC | SCID | 15; 19 | 33.7 ± 9.7 | 46.7 | No | No | PD | Motor |
| C) Social phobia (SoP) | |||||||||
| Amir[81] | CC | SCID | 20; 20 | 35.3 ± 13.0 | 45.0 | - | - | GP, SoP | Verbal |
| Boehme[82] | CC | SCID | 16; 16 | 29.1 ± 9.8 | 16.67 | No | Yes | SoP | Motor |
| Maidenberg[74] | CC | ADIS-R | 15; 15 | Range: 19–38 |
- | No | - | GN, GP, SoP | Verbal |
| D) Specific phobia (SpP) | |||||||||
| Britton[83] | CC | SCID | 12; 12 | 25.2 ± 4.5 | 58.3 | No | - | GN, SpP | Motor |
| E) Multiple anxiety diagnoses | |||||||||
| Andrews[84] | Crossover | SCID | 11; 12 | 40.0 ± 7.0 | 45.5 | No | Yes | ANX, GN, GP | Verbal |
| De Cort[67] | CC | DSM-IV | 25; 30 | 36.0 ± 13.6 | 76.0 | - | - | ANX, GN | Motor |
| Quero[85] | CC | DSM-IV | 25; 25 | 29.0 ± 7.0 | 88.0 | - | Yes | PD, SoP, GP | Motor |
A CBA = Controlled before and after study, CC = Case-control, RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
B DSM-III-R = Diagnostic Manual for DSM Disorders (3rd Edition, revision), DSM-IV-TR = Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition, text-revision), SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, ADIS-R = Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (revised), CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM; G1 = Group 1, G2 = Group 2
C GAD = Generalized anxiety disorder-relevant, GP = Generally positive, GN = Generally negative, PD = Panic disorder-relevant, SoP = Social phobia-relevant, SpP = Specific phobia-relevant; Rx = Prescriptions