Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and dietary intakes of the participants
| Baseline characteristics | T2D+ (n=143) | T2D− (n=1,996) | P - value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 47.3±12.4 | 38.9±12.4 | <0.001 |
| Men (%) | 47.6 | 45.2 | 0.592 |
| Family history of T2D (%) | 24.5 | 18.5 | 0.077 |
| Current smoker (%) | 13.3 | 12.2 | 0.930 |
| Low physical activity (%) | 39.7 | 39.3 | 0.926 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.9±4.6 | 26.7±4.6 | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2,176.7±689.5 | 2,273.6±714.9 | 0.117 |
| Total fiber intake (g/d) | 38.2±19.7 | 37.5±20.6 | 0.682 |
| Total fat intake (%energy) | 13.5±3.4 | 13.9±3.1 | 0.099 |
| SFA (g/d) | 23.5±9.8 | 26.5±11.6 | 0.003 |
| MUFA (g/d) | 25.3±11.2 | 27.4±11.2 | 0.040 |
| Oleic acid (g/d) | 22.9±10.5 | 24.8±10.6 | 0.037 |
| PUFA (g/d) | 15.5±8.1 | 16.5±7.8 | 0.160 |
| Linoleic acid (g/d) | 13.3±7.3 | 14.3±7.1 | 0.144 |
| α-Linolenic acid (g/d) | 1.07±0.6 | 1.2±0.6 | 0.083 |
| EPA (g/d) | 0.02±0.03 | 0.03±0.09 | 0.510 |
| DHA (g/d) | 0.08±0.09 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.480 |
| Total trans fatty acids (g/d) | 5.6±5.2 | 6.0±4.6 | 0.350 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 193.2±88.4 | 226.9±141.1 | 0.005 |
Data are mean±SD.
T2D, type 2 diabetes; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acid; EPA, echosapanthaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.