Table 1.
Study population characteristics, by subclinical cardiovascular disease case status (N=275)
| Characteristic | Control (sCVD-), N=177 | Case (sCVD+), N=98 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| % or median (IQR) | % or median (IQR) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age at baseline vascular study visit, years (median, IQR)* | 46 (39–50) | 46 (40–51) | - |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.22 | ||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 107 (60.5) | 56 (57.1) | |
| Hispanic | 56 (31.6) | 27 (27.6) | |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 14 (7.9) | 15 (15.3) | |
| Other | - | - | |
| Education (at study entry) | 0.10 | ||
| Did not complete high school | 63 (35.6) | 45 (45.9) | |
| Completed high school | 56 (31.6) | 24 (24.5) | |
| At least some college | 58 (32.8) | 29 (29.6) | |
| Behavior-related characteristics | |||
| Current crack/cocaine use | 15 (8.5) | 12 (12.2) | 0.42 |
| Current alcohol use | 0.95 | ||
| Abstainer | 102 (57.6) | 53 (54.1) | |
| Light (<3 drinks/week) | 56 (31.6) | 34 (34.7) | |
| Moderate (3–13 drinks/week) | 15 (8.5) | 8 (8.2) | |
| Heavier (14+ drinks/week) | 4 (2.3) | 3 (3.1) | |
| History of hepatitis C infection | 72 (40.7) | 48 (49.0) | 0.21 |
| Metabolic risk factors | |||
| Current smoker* | 90 (50.9) | 51 (52.0) | - |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (median, IQR) | 27.6 (24.4–31.8) | 26.4 (23–31.2) | 0.05 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (median, IQR) | 116 (107–124) | 119 (110–132) | 0.28 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL (median, IQR) | 172 (149–203) | 178 (145–205) | 0.47 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL (median, IQR) | 47 (39–59) | 46 (37–53) | 0.19 |
| Current use of anti-hypertensive medications | 35 (19.8) | 31 (31.6) | 0.04 |
| Current use of lipid-lowering medications** | 12 (6.8) | 10 (10.2) | 0.26 |
| Current use of aspirin | 15 (8.6) | 15 (15.5) | 0.08 |
| History of cancer diagnosis | 5 (3.6) | 1 (1.3) | 0.93 |
| History of diabetes | 19 (10.7) | 17 (17.4) | 0.14 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (median, IQR) | 94.0 (74.5–112.7) | 100.0 (82.0–110.9) | 0.09 |
| HIV-specific characteristics | |||
| Baseline CD4+ T-cell count, cells/mm3 (median, IQR)* | 397 (262–602) | 370.5 (239–579) | 0.93 |
| Baseline HIV-1 viral load, copies/mL (median, IQR) | 140 (80–6000) | 365 (80–9800) | 0.67 |
| Undetectable baseline HIV-1 viral load | 83 (46.9) | 38 (38.8) | 0.25 |
| History of clinical AIDS | 78 (44.1) | 38 (38.2) | 0.39 |
| Potent ART use in past 6 months* | 133 (75.1) | 73 (74.5) | - |
| Cumulative exposure of potent ARTa, years (median, IQR) | 3.5 (1.5–6) | 4.5 (2.5–6.5) | 0.14 |
| of PIs, years (median, IQR) | 1 (0–4.5) | 2.5 (0–5) | 0.23 |
| of NNRTIs, years (median, IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1.5 (0–3) | 0.20 |
| of NRTIs, years (median, IQR) | 6 (2.5–8.5) | 6 (3–9) | 0.31 |
| PI use in past 6 months | 84 (48.0) | 45 (46.4) | 0.80 |
| NNRTI use in past 6 months | 58 (33.1) | 26 (26.8) | 0.28 |
| NRTI use in past 6 months | 131 (74.9) | 74 (76.3) | 0.79 |
| Nadir CD4+ T-cell count before ART usea, cells/mm3 (median, IQR) | 233 (122–362) | 242 (152–363) | 0.50 |
| hsCRP (ug/mL) | 2.2 (0.6–5.3) | 1.7 (0.7–4.8) | 0.29 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 1.09 (0.7–2.1) | 0.21 |
| Galectin-3 (ng/mL) | 9.4 (7.6–11.9) | 9.66 (7.91–12.0) | 0.44 |
| Galectin-3 binding protein (ug/mL) | 13.75 (8.3–23.8) | 15.13 (9.36–23.6) | 0.62 |
| Soluble CD163 (ng/mL) | 958.55 (738.5–1236.0) | 996.83 (728.8–1357.5) | 0.37 |
| Soluble CD14 (ng/mL) | 2134.5 (1730.3–2419.6) | 2233.8 (1908.1–2633.5) | 0.04 |
All characteristics assessed at baseline unless otherwise noted.
Among those using ART at baseline.
Cases of subclinical CVD (sCVD) and controls matched 1:2 based on baseline CD4+ count, ART use, age ±5 yr, current smoking at baseline. 19 cases had only 1 available control.
21/22 participants reported statin use (N=11, atorvastatin; N=7, pravastatin; N=3, simvastatin), with 3/22 also reporting fibrate use.
AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ART = antiretroviral therapy, sCVD = subclinical cardiovascular disease,
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, IQR = interquartile range, NNRTI = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, PI = protease inhibitor.