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Serum levels of LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in IDD patients. Circulating levels of (A) LPS, (B) LBP, (C) IL-1β, (D) IL-6, (E) IL-4, and (F) IL-13 were analyzed in serum samples obtained from healthy controls (HC, n = 24) and IDD patients with different Pfirrmann grades (IDD-1, grade1; IDD-2, grade 3; IDD-3, grade 5; n = 24 each grade). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
