Figure 3.

Pirfenidone inhibited the proliferation of human epidural scar fibroblasts. A. Cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) for 48 h or pretreated with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 and then incubated with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/ml) of pirfenidone for 48 h. Cell viability after different treatments was detected using a Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). B. Cells pretreated with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 were stained with 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) 48 h after pirfenidone treatment and then visualized using a fluorescence microscope. Nuclei are shown in blue, and EdU staining is shown in green. C. The histograms represent the means ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 versus the control group, ##P<0.01 versus the TGF-β1 only treatment group.