Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of treated hypertensive participants, stratified by blood pressure control.
| Intensive BP control | Standard BP control | Poor BP control | *P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. of participants | 18 | 50 | 17 | |
| Number. of eyes | 35 | 95 | 34 | |
| Gender, female (%) | 10 (56%) | 22 (44%) | 7 (41%) | 0.637 |
| Ethnicity, Chinese (%) | 14 (78%) | 43 (86%) | 14 (82%) | 0.870 |
| Smoking Status, Never (%) | 18 (100%) | 45 (90%) | 15 (88%) | 0.575 |
| Diabetes (%) | 6 (33%) | 5 (10%) | 3 (18%) | 0.082 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 10 (56%) | 23 (46%) | 7 (41%) | 0.677 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease (%) | 1 (6%) | 3 (6%) | 1 (6%) | 1.000 |
| Type of antihypertensive medications | ||||
| Beta blockers | 5 (28%) | 22 (44%) | 4 (24%) | 0.219 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 6 (33%) | 28 (56%) | 12 (71%) | 0.080 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers | 16 (89%) | 24 (48%) | 7 (41%) | 0.005 |
| Others (diuretics, alpha 2 adrenergic agonist) | 4 (22%) | 5 (10%) | 2 (12%) | 0.410 |
| Numbers of antihypertensive medications | ||||
| One | 7 (39%) | 29 (58%) | 10 (59%) | 0.620 |
| Two | 8 (44%) | 13 (26%) | 5 (29%) | |
| Three or more | 3 (17%) | 8 (16%) | 2 (12%) | |
| Mean ± SD/median (IQR) | ||||
| Age, years | 55 ± 7 | 57 ± 11 | 56 ± 11 | 0.834 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27 (25–30) | 26 (24–29) | 25 (24–30) | 0.645 |
| Ambulatory BP, mmHg | ||||
| Systolic BP | 112 ± 4 | 128 ± 5 | 146 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP | 72 ± 5 | 77 ± 7 | 85 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 94 (88–102) | 91 (75–101) | 95 (87–105) | 0.191 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 67 (55–79) | 77 (59–92) | 73 (62–80) | 0.159 |
| Urine MCR, mg/g | 0.9 (0–2.5) | 0.6 (0–2.2) | 2.3 (0.9–3.7) | 0.022 |
| Choriocapillaries flow voids | ||||
| Area of flow voids, % | 17.2 (16.5–17.8) | 16.8 (16.2–17.2) | 16.7 (16.4–17.1) | 0.017 |
| Size of flow voids, pixels | 10.8 ± 0.9 | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 10.9 ± 0.9 | 0.321 |
| Number of flow voids | 1199 ± 65 | 1191 ± 70 | 1176 ± 65 | 0.305 |
SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; BP = blood pressure; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; MCR = microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Data are number (%) or mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), as appropriate.
*Test for differences between groups, based on analysis of variance (anova) for normally distributed continuous variables or kwallis for non-normally distributed continuous variables and with chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Bold face indicates statistically significant P value.