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. 2019 Apr 3;13:322. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00322

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Copyright © 2019 Fujii, Kaushik, Zhou, Korkutata and Lazarus.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Social defeat (SoD) is essential for a strong slow-wave sleep (SWS) increase. (A) Total amounts of SWS, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), and wakefulness for 9 h after a “Sleep deprivation” (n = 4), “No resident” (n = 4), “No contact” (n = 8), or SoD (n = 8) session with four defeats. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 compared with baseline, assessed by paired two-tailed Student’s t-test. (B) Changes in the total amounts of SWS, REMS, and wakefulness for 9 h between baseline and experimental days. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 compared with SoD, assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc comparisons. Data are presented as means ± SEM. NS, not significant.